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{{Short description|Narrow strip of semi-rigid material for skiing}}
{{About|the equipment used to slide on snow|the related activity|Skiing|the related activity on water|Water skiing|other uses}}
[[File:Ski.jpg|thumb|upright| A shaped alpine ski with relatively little sidecut and classic camber:
A '''ski''' is a narrow strip of semi-rigid material worn underfoot to glide over snow.
Originally intended as an aid to travel over snow, they are now mainly used recreationally in the sport of [[skiing]].
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The word ''ski'' comes from the [[Old Norse]] word {{lang|non|skíð}} which means "cleft wood",<ref name=":0" /> "stick of wood" or "ski".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ski|title=Definition of SKI|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> In Old Norse common phrases describing skiing were ''fara á skíðum'' (to travel, move fast on skis), ''renna'' (to move swiftly) and ''skríða á skíðum'' (to stride on skis).<ref>Grønvik, Ottar (2000). ''O̧ndurdís og o̧ndurgoð: studier over den førkristne religion i Norden''. Oslo: Det norske videnskaps-akademi. {{ISBN|8290888325}}.</ref> In modern Norwegian the word ''ski'' has largely retained the Old Norse meaning in words for split firewood, wood building materials (such as [[bargeboard]]s) and [[roundpole fence]].<ref>[[Ivar Aasen|Aasen, Ivar]] (1950): ''Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog.'' Kristiania: Carl C. Werner.</ref><ref>Karlsen, Edgar (1993). ''Lærebok i lafting.'' Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. {{ISBN|8200410064}}.</ref><ref name=":1" /> In [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] this word is usually pronounced {{IPA-no|ˈʂiː|}}. In [[Swedish language|Swedish]], another language evolved from Old Norse, the word is {{lang|sv|skidor}} (plural, {{IPA-sv|ˈɧîːdʊr|pron}}; singular: {{lang|sv|skida}}).
[[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] use the original Norwegian spelling {{lang|fr|ski}}, and modify the pronunciation. Before 1920, English often called them ''skee'' and ''snow-shoe''.<ref>[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1903-12-20/ed-1/seq-32/ "Winter Sport with Skees on the Snow"] (December 20, 1903) New-York Tribune pg 2</ref>
[[Finnish language|Finnish]] has its own ancient words for skis and skiing: "ski" is {{lang|fi|suksi}} and "skiing" is {{lang|fi|hiihtää}}. The word ''suksi'' goes back to the Proto-Uralic period, with cognates such as [[Erzya language|Erzya]] ''soks'', [[Mansi language|Mansi]] ''tåut'' and [[Nganasan language|Nganasan]] ''tuta.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/dict/ety/index.cgi?Q=suusk&F=M&C06=et|title=[ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat|website=www.eki.ee|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref> The [[Sami people|Sami]] also have their own words for "skis" and "skiing": for example, the [[Lule Sami]] word for "ski" is {{lang|smj|sabek}} and skis are called {{lang|smj|sabega}}. The Sami use {{lang|smj|cuoigat}} for the verb "to ski" (the term may date back to 10,000 years before present).<ref name = Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing>{{Citation
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===Asymmetrical skis===
[[File:Vorstellung der sämtlichen Königl. Dänischen Armee - no-nb digibok 2007092512003-122.jpg|thumb|Asymmetrical skis used by the [[Denmark–Norway|Danish-Norwegian]] army in the 18th
This type of ski was used at least in northern Finland and Sweden until the 1930s.<ref name = Historical_dictionary_of_Skiing/> On one leg, the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. The bottom of the short ski was either plain or covered with animal skin to aid this use, while the long ski supporting the weight of the skier was treated with animal fat in similar manner to modern [[ski wax]]ing. Early record of this type of skis survives in works of [[Olaus Magnus]].<ref>Olaus Magnus, 1555:1,4</ref> He associates them to [[Sami people]] and gives [[Sami languages|Sami]] names of ''savek'' and ''golos'' for the plain and skinned short ski.
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===Single long ski===
The seal hunters at the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] had developed a special long ski to sneak into shooting distance to the seals' breathing holes, though the ski was useful in moving in the packed ice in general and was made specially long, 3–4 meters, to protect against cracks in the ice. This is called ''[[:sv:Skredstång|skredstång]]'' in Swedish.<ref>"Västerbotten 1971 nr. 2" magazine in Swedish, includes copious pictures of the ski and the associated equipment. [http://www.vbm.se/assets/files/Pdf/Vbn_history_69f/1971_2.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213115110/http://www.vbm.se/assets/files/Pdf/Vbn_history_69f/1971_2.pdf
===Modern skis===
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Around 1850, artisans in Telemark, Norway, invented the cambered ski. This ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skier's weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be thick enough not to bow downward and sink in the snow under the skier's weight. This new design made it possible to build a thinner lighter ski, that flexed more easily to absorb the shock of bumps, and that maneuvered and ran faster and more easily.<ref name="Evolution of Ski Shape">{{cite web|last=Masia|first=Seth|title=Evolution of Ski Shape|url=http://skiinghistory.org/history/evolution-ski-shape/|access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> The design also included a sidecut that narrowed the ski underfoot while the tip and tail remained wider. This enabled the ski to flex and turn more easily.<ref name="Evolution of Ski Shape" />
Skis traditionally were hand-carved out of a single piece of hardwood such as [[hickory]] or [[birch]] or [[Ash (tree)|ash]]. These woods were used because of their density and ability to handle speed and shock-resistance factors associated with ski racing.
A laminated ski is made of two types of wood glued together. A top layer of soft wood is glued to a thin layer under a surface of hardwood. This combination created skis which were much lighter and more maneuverable than the heavy hardwood skis made before. Although lighter and stronger, laminated skis did not wear well. The water-soluble glues used at the time failed; they warped and split along the glue edges (delaminating) frequently and rapidly. In 1922, a Norwegian skier, Thorbjorn Nordby,<ref name="Skiing Heritage Journal"/> developed strong waterproof glue which stopped the problem of splitting, therefore developing a much tougher laminated ski. Research and design of laminated skis rapidly progressed. In 1933, a new design technology was introduced with an outer hardwood shell completely encasing an inner layer of lighter wood, successfully eliminating spontaneously splitting glue lines. This early design eventually evolved into an advanced laminating technique which is referred to today as single-shell casing technology.
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* Cleaning promotes the removal of dirt and wax, allowing repair material to bond to the ski.
* Repair of gouges may be accomplished with a drip-candle of
* Surface preparation involves blending of repairs into the base and then texturing to befit the snow conditions with a gritty material, using successively finer grits, depending on the snow temperature. Other treatments include "rilling" installing miniature grooves along the ski or a steel brush.
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