Panhtwar (Burmese: ပန်ထွာ) was the legendary queen regnant of Beikthano, the ancient city of the Pyu Kingdom. She was considered to be a strong, spiritual lady of war and fame.[1][2] Queen Panhtwar became a heroine figure in Burmese culture, gracing the bedtime stories of Burmese children since their early years.[3]
| Pan Htwar | |
|---|---|
 Queen Pan Htwar statue | |
| Queen regnant of Beikthano | |
| Reign | c. 200 BCE |
| Predecessor | new founded |
| Successor | Duttabaung (as victory) |
| Queen consort of Sri Ksetra | |
| Predecessor | herself |
| Consort | Duttabaung |
| House | Beikthano Sri Ksetra (by marriage) |
| Father | Sula Thamawa |
| Mother | Sanda Muhki |
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
Legend
editAccording to legend, Panhtwar was the only daughter of Sula Thambawa, a son of Maha Thado Yarzar, the legendary King of Tagaung Kingdom, and Sanda Muhki, an ogress-nymph from Lanka Dipa. Her story recounts the wartime period between Sri Ksetra and Beikthano and the battles that unfolded. Beikthano is a small kingdom ruled by Queen Panhtwar. The kingdom was created for Panhtwar by the Hindu god Vishnu as a blessing because she was assumed to be the younger sister of Vishnu in a previous life. The other kingdoms, being larger and stronger, sought to conquer hers. Despite their repeated attempts and numerical and equipment advantages, they never succeeded in overtaking her kingdom. The queen successfully repelled all her enemy forces with the assistance of a magical drum named "Atula Sidaw" (lit. 'Nonpareil Drum'), given to her by Indra, the king of the celestials. When the queen struck the drum, its magical resonance caused the waters of the Yan Pe River (lit. Foe-Removing River) to rise rapidly, flooding the surrounding plain. This prevented any attacking army from crossing it. One day, Duttabaung, the King of Sri Ksetra, had some of his subjects disguise themselves as imitation monks and sent them to Beikthano. After the imitation monks gained worship from Queen Panhtwar, she allowed them to stay in the palace. Subsequently, they sabotaged the drums, rendering the alarm inoperable. The next day, when soldiers attacked, the drum did not work when she hit it. Consequently, she lost her kingdom, and the king took her as his wife, claiming the entire kingdom for himself.[4][5]
Indeed, Duttabaung was the son of Maha Thamawa, the twin brother of Sula Thamawa. Consequently, Duttabaung was a cousin of Panhtwar.[6][7] The king's other consorts, fueled by jealousy of her beauty, conspired against her. They convinced Duttabaung that her loveliness was a mere magic trick and falsely claimed that Panhtwar, in reality, was a horrible ogre. Unfortunately, the king believed their deceit and abandoned her. Resilient, she desired to reclaim her kingdom, but unable to assume the role of the queen in this unfamiliar realm, she remained unhappy. Consequently, every day, she sought to diminish the king's power in various ways as much as possible.
Therefore, one day, Panhtwar presented Duttabaung with a seemingly innocuous face-cloth. However, it was not what it appeared, for it was the lower end of her htamein. As soon as the king used it, his power and glory vanished. This was her act of vengeance. On another occasion, while traveling by royal barge, Duttabaung encountered a dragon lurking beneath the surface of the water. Deprived of his magic and weakened by Panhtwar's earlier deception, he was unable to defend himself against the beast and was ultimately devoured. Thus, Panhtwar achieved her revenge, albeit at a great cost. However, her actions against the king, witnessed by his other wives, were deemed so egregious and disrespectful that they could not forgive her. Subjected to relentless harassment and ostracization, Panhtwar, unable to bear the torment, tragically took her own life by consuming poison.[8]
In an alternate version of the legend, Panhtwar was a resilient queen whose kingdom was unjustly seized by the King of Sri Ksetra, who manipulated her trust by posing as a monk. He forcefully took her as his wife, and while some claim he loved her deeply, she did not reciprocate due to the harm he had caused her. In retaliation, she vowed revenge and cursed a piece of cloth (though some erroneously label it her htamein or cloth for her genitals). After presenting the cursed cloth to the king, causing him to lose his magic mole, a main source of his power and abilities, he soon faced myriad rebellions and had to flee the capital. However, the magic mole was later unexpectedly restored with the help of a natural shampoo called tayaw kinpun. Enraged, the king and his court ordered the killing of Panhtwar, who, before taking her own life, cursed the land never to grow. The area where she died has plants that can barely grow over a meter to date.
Spiritual life and worship
edit
After her death, her story continued to be passed down from one generation to another by the people. Some believe that her love for the kingdom was so profound that, after her passing, she transformed into a goddess, overseeing and caring for the citizens with her spiritual powers. She is also revered as the goddess of the deep forest, known as Mahar Myaing.[9]
In the old city of Beikthano, the talipot palms, despite their age of thousands of years, stubbornly refuse to exceed a meter in height and bear no fruit. According to local belief, the stunted growth is attributed to Queen Panthwar's curse, indicating that she did not undergo reincarnation. Legend has it that she cursed the kingdom, declaring, "Let them grow and bear fruit when I come back" (ငါလာမှကြီး ငါလာမှသီး).[10]
The garden in the old city of Beikthano initially lacked sal trees, but sal tree flowers spontaneously appeared on the garden's ground, leading to the garden being named Ingyin Garden (sal tree garden). At the Shweyaungdaw Pagoda, donated by Queen Panhtwar, sal tree flowers are consistently offered to the pagoda by an unknown source. These flowers can also be found scattered around the pagoda square. It is believed that the flowers come by the order of the god Vishnu.[10]
In popular culture
editHer story is widely portrayed in Burmese theaters and other forms of art. She is the subject of several Burmese films.
Miss Universe Myanmar 2014 Sharr Htut Eaindra wore a dress inspired by Queen Panhtwar as a national costume at the Miss Universe 2014 event.[11]
References
edit- ^ "ဗိဿနိုးဘုရင်မ ပန်ထွာဧကရီ ဆိုတဲ့ အမျိုးသမီးပဒေသရာဇ် ခေါင်းဆောင်အကြောင်း" (in Burmese). Myanmar Live. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ "ပန်ထွာဘုရင်မရဲ့ ဗိဿနိုးမြို့ဟောင်းအကြောင်း" (in Burmese). Thuta Zone. 13 January 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ "မကျွတ်လွတ်သေးတဲ့ ဗိဿနိုး ပန်ထွာဘုရင်မ" (in Burmese). Myanmar 24H. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ "Beikthano (Historical site in Myanmar)". Gomyanmartour. 17 September 2015.
- ^ "Beikthano". Go Myanmar Tours. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ Khin Wyne Phyu Phyu (26 July 2016). "An ancient princess still haunts Pyay". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ Chan Myae Ei (3 March 2017). "အချစ်ကြီးလှတဲ့ ဒွတ္တပေါင်ဘုရင် နဲ့ အငြိုးကြီးလှတဲ့ ပန်ထွာဘုရင်မ တို့ရဲ့ ပုံရိပ်များ ထင်ကျန်ခဲ့ရာ သရေခေတ္တရာမြို့ဟောင်း" (in Burmese). Yoyarlay. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ Seint (1 June 2018). "Queen Panhtwar History". Myanmar Book Download.
- ^ Mg Thwae Chun. "Mahar Myaing Deep Forest Sasanar Pyu Trip and Dhamma Light of Queen Pan Htwar". Myanmar Book. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ a b Tun, Tun (10 July 2019). "ကမ္ဘာ့အမွေအနှစ် "ဗိဿနိုးဘုရင်မ ( ခ ) ပန်ထွာဧကရီ" ရဲ့ ပျူမြို့ဟောင်း (သို့မဟုတ်) အငြိုးများ၊ အမုန်းတရားများ၊ မာနများနှင့်ပြည့်နေသော ဗိဿနိုးမြို့ဟောင်း". YOYARLAY Digital Media and News (in Burmese).
- ^ "မြန်မာမယ်စကြဝဠာ ပန်ထွာဘုရင်မ". The Irrawaddy (in Burmese). 7 January 2015.
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