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GEnie

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GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange) was an online service created by a General Electric business, GEIS (now GXS), that ran from 1985 through the end of 1999. In 1994, GEnie claimed around 350,000 users.[1] Peak simultaneous usage was around 10,000 users. It was one of the pioneering services in the field, though eventually replaced by the World Wide Web and graphics-based services, most notably AOL.[2]

GEnie log-in Screen on an Apple IIGS, using Jasmine, a late release of a graphic front end for this text-only online service

Early history

GEnie was founded by Bill Louden on October 1, 1985[3] and was launched as an ASCII text-based service by GE's Information Services division in October 1985, and received attention as the first serious commercial competition to CompuServe. Louden was originally CompuServe's product manager for Computing, Community (forums), Games, eCommerce, and email product lines. Louden purchased DECWAR source code and had MegaWars developed, one of the earliest multi-player online games (or MMOG), in 1985.

The service was run by General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS) based in Rockville, Maryland. GEIS served a diverse set of large-scale, international, commercial network-based custom application needs, including banking, electronic data interchange and e-mail services to companies worldwide, but was able to run GEnie on their many GE Mark III time-sharing mainframe computers that otherwise would have been underutilized after normal U.S. business hours. This orientation was part of GEnie's downfall. Although it became very popular and a national force in the on-line marketplace, GEnie was not allowed to grow. GEIS executives steadfastly refused to view the service as anything but "fill in" load and would not expand the network by a single phone line, let alone expand mainframe capacity, to accommodate GEnie's growing user base. (Later, however, GE did consent to make the service available through the SprintNet time-sharing network, which had its own dial-up points of presence; an Internet-to-SprintNet gateway operated by Merit Network also made the text-based parts of the service available through telnet.)

 
GEnie log-in screen from February 1993, as it would have appeared on an Apple IIe

The initial price for connection, at both 300 bits per second and the then-high-speed 1200 bits per second, was $5–6 per hour during "non-prime-time" hours (evenings and weekends) and $36 an hour (to discourage daytime use) otherwise, later adjusted to $6 per hour and $18 per hour, respectively. A speed of 2400 bit/s was also available at a premium. Later, GEnie developed the Star*Services package, soon renamed Genie*Basic after Prodigy threatened a trademark lawsuit over the use of the word "Star". It offered a set of "unlimited use" features for $4.95/month. Other services cost extra, mirroring the tiered service model popular at the time.

GEnie's forums were called RoundTables (RTs), and each, as well as other internal services, had a page number associated with it, akin to a Web address today; typing "m 1335", for instance, would bring you to the GemStone III game page. The service included RTs, games, mail and shopping. For some time, GEnie published a bimonthly print magazine, LiveWire. GEnie's early chat room was called the LiveWire CB Simulator,[4] after the citizens' band radios popular at the time.

Games

GEnie had a reputation for being the home of excellent online text games, similar to the “doorway” games on bulletin board systems but often massively multiplayer. Also, there were graphical games using then-state-of-the-art non-textured 3D graphics on PCs with VGA displays. Top titles included:

Other major titles included:

RoundTables

A RoundTable on GEnie was a discussion area containing a message board ("BBS"), a chatroom ("RealTime Conference" or RTC) and a Library for permanent files. They were part of an online community culture that predated the Internet's emergence as a mass medium, which also included such separate entities as CompuServe forums, Usenet newsgroups and email mailing lists.

Most RoundTables were actually operated not by GEnie employees but by independent contractors working from home, which was standard practice for online services at the time. The contractors received royalties on time spent in their forums. In the most popular forums, this revenue stream was often substantial enough to hire one or two part-time or full-time staffers. Many RoundTables also had a number of unpaid assistants, working for a "free flag" (which granted them free access to that RoundTable) or an "internal account" (which granted free access to all of the service).

RoundTables available on GEnie included:

  • The 911 / Emergency RoundTable: for discussion of emergency preparedness and a forum set up for quick mobilization during emergencies
  • The A2 RoundTable: for discussion of Apple II computers, an early home of Apple devotees
  • The Astrology RoundTable (sysop Ed Perrone)
  • The Atari ST RoundTable
  • The Automotive RoundTable (sysops J.J. Gertler & Greg Amy)
  • The Aviation Roundtable (sysops Roy Barkas, Dick Flanagan, Bill Moulas and Linda Pendleton)
  • The Comics and Animation RoundTable (originally part of the SFRT)
  • The CP/M RoundTable
  • The Design to Print RoundTable: a community of designers, printers, and desktop publishers (sysops Tim Piazza and Rodney Sigmon).
  • The Deutschland/European Roundtable (sysops Walter Koenig & Jim Van)
  • The Education RoundTable, which included a separate area for younger, school-aged GEnie users
  • EPHOTE Photography Roundtable, comprehensive photography reference library, nightly live conferences (sysops Sparks Johnson, Jerry Finzi)
  • The Forth RoundTable, a popular discussion board for the Forth programming language
  • The Game Design RoundTable
  • Gardening RoundTable (Sysop Jody McFadden)
  • GENIEus RoundTable (SysOp Mark Hiatt)
  • Hobby RoundTable (Sysop Jody McFadden)
  • The Health RoundTable
  • The IBM PC RoundTable (Sysops Charlie Strom and Rick Ruhl)
  • The Japan RoundTable, including "Japanimation Online", an early anime forum[5]
  • The Left Coast RoundTable (initially The California RoundTable, later The American West RoundTable)
  • The Livewire Bulletin Board (LWB): a BBS for users of the CB Simulator
  • The Macintosh RoundTable: one of the largest RoundTables on the service and one of the first public gathering places for Apple Macintosh devotees
  • The MIDI/WorldMusic RoundTable: an early MIDI discussion forum hosted by Robert Moore
  • The NBC Online RoundTable[6]
  • The New Age RoundTable
  • NeedleArts RoundTable (Sysop Jody McFadden)
  • The OS/2 RoundTable (Sysops Charlie Strom, Brady Flowers, Jeff Elkins, Rick Ruhl)
  • PetNet: all things animal, run by Kerry Clair
  • The Public Forum*Non-Profit Connection RoundTable: the place to discuss current events and politics, and also assisted non-profits to use online resources to further their mission (Sysop Tom Sherman then John McGing)
  • Remote Control RoundTable (Sysop Jody McFadden)
  • RubberStamping RoundTable (Sysop Jody McFadden)
  • The Radio and Electronics RoundTable (run by Glen Johnson)
  • The Religion and Philosophy RoundTable
  • The four Science Fiction RoundTables (the SFRT): the official online home of the Horror Writers Association and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America before the Internet became popular (SFWA members, who were all published authors, received free access to the SF RoundTables) {J. Michael Straczynski developed the show Babylon 5 while on the SFRT and maintained his e-mail presence throughout the run of the show}
  • The Jerry Pournelle RoundTable
  • Scorpia's Games RoundTable: dedicated to games of all types, including GEnie's hosted online games
  • The Scuba RoundTable: the first non-computing related RT on GEnie, founded by Tracy Kornfeld
  • The ShowBiz RoundTable: created by film critic Bill Warren in 1989, and still active today on the online service Delphi
  • The Space and Science RoundTable
  • The Spaceport RoundTable: oriented around engineering projects that could be carried out in space
  • The Sports RoundTable (run by Glen Johnson, who also operated GEnie's online football pool)
  • The *StarShip* Amiga (run by deb! Christensen)
  • The TeleJoke RoundTable: which was managed by Brad Templeton and cross-linked with the Usenet newsgroup rec.humor.funny
  • TI-99/4A and Geneve RoundTable
  • The TSR Online RoundTable
  • The White House RoundTable: for making available press releases and other hard to find administration materials and for partisan discussions on actions of the Bill Clinton administration (Sysop John McGing)
  • The Windows RoundTable (Sysops Rick Ruhl and Charlie Strom)
  • The Writers' Ink RoundTable

Rise and fall

By May 1986 GEnie claimed to have 12,000 subscribers, up from 3,000 in February.[7] Although it for years was the second-largest service provider after CompuServe, GEnie failed to keep up when Prodigy and America Online produced graphics-based online services that drew the masses. Programs such as Aladdin, which had been developed earlier by an independent developer and eventually supported by GEnie, helped many of the newcomers who came to GEnie from Prodigy and AOL adjust; these were the equivalent of modern-day email programs and newsreaders, incorporating a more user-friendly interface which automated message and mail downloading and posting.

In addition, GEnie took its time developing an Internet e-mail gateway, which opened on July 1, 1993.

GE sold GEnie in 1996 to Yovelle, which was later taken over by IDT Corp. IDT attempted to transition GEnie (now without the all-uppercase "GE") to an Internet service provider, but ultimately failed. IDT also funded the development of a GUI for the text-based service; this client was actually released, but the service did not survive long enough for it to become popular.

Visitors to GEnie dropped with the growth of other online services and fell dramatically following a very sudden change in the fee structure in 1996. The users were notified with only 12 hours notice that all Basic (flat-rate) services would cease to exist, while prices of the other services would rise dramatically. By the final year, insiders reported fewer than 10,000 total users.

On December 4, 1999, it was announced that GEnie would close for good on December 27 due to Y2K issues. Remaining users gathered in chat areas of the few RoundTables remaining to say goodbye. But GEnie did not close for four more days, and a dwindling number watched at the close of each day. The RoundTables and all areas of GEnie, except the Top page, became unavailable slightly before midnight on December 30, 1999.

Legacy

Several books, TV shows, films and other projects had their genesis and inspiration on GEnie. One example is the Babylon 5 television show, created by J. Michael Straczynski, which was first announced publicly in GEnie's Science Fiction RoundTables. The SFRTs served as the show's first online "home" and were the source of many in-jokes and references throughout its run.

Bill Louden, the original creator of GEnie, formed a group of investors to buy the Delphi online service from News Corp, where he led the transition of the service from text-only to the Web (and from a pay-per-hour to an advertising-supported revenue model).

Notable users

Many well-known personalities were early adopters of the online medium, and were a prominent presence on GEnie, either active in one of its RoundTables, or frequent public participants in GEnie's CB Chat.

The Science Fiction RoundTable (SFRT) became the official online forum of the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA), which led a number of science fiction writers to join GEnie. Besides those already mentioned, they included Dafydd ab Hugh, John Barnes, Keith DeCandido, Steven Brust, Michael A. Burstein, Debra Doyle, Neil Gaiman, Joe Haldeman, Katharine Kerr, Michael Kube-McDowell, Paul Levinson, George R.R. Martin, Rich Normandie, Raven Oak, Mike Resnick, Robert J. Sawyer, J. Neil Schulman, Josepha Sherman, Susan Shwartz, Martha Soukup, Michael Swanwick, Judith Tarr, Harry Turtledove, Lawrence Watt-Evans, Leslie What, and Jane Yolen. Occasional but less frequent visitors included K. W. Jeter and Ken Grimwood. Science fiction editors Gardner Dozois, Scott Edelman, Peter Heck, Tappan King, Beth Meacham, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, and Dean Wesley Smith were also frequent participants.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (July 12, 1994). "A Boom for On-Line Services". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Simutronics Timeline
  3. ^ Remarks by William Louden, GM, GEnie (9/88) Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ The Information Center's guide to LiveWire CB Simulator
  5. ^ Pre-web anime fandom (Out of the Archives 4) lainspotting, March 24, 2006
  6. ^ Letters to LiveWire GEnie LiveWire May 1995, Pegboard Communications, archived September 29, 2007 from the original
  7. ^ Raleigh, Lisa (1986-05-20). "HOT-Boot a perfect toy for high-tech jokesters". Boca Raton News. p. 12. Retrieved 3 January 2015.

Further reading

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