what I look like

$B$\$/$N%-%c%j%">e$N$G$-$4$H(B

Incidents from My Career
(A. Heertje, ed., Makers of Modern Economics, 1995)

$BL\

$B7P:Q3X 1953-1977

$B!!$\$/$N;d@83h$O$D$^$s$J$$$b$N$@!#JL$K$$$C$7$g$K$4HS$r?)$Y$F;`$L$[$IB`6~$H$+!"?M@8$G$=$lAj1~$N4n$S$dHa;4$KAx6x$7$F$J$$$C$F$3$H$8$c$J$$!#$\$/$,8@$$$?$$$N$O$D$^$j!"$\$/$N8D?M;K$N$3$^$4$^$7$?$3$H$K6=L#$r;}$D$N$O!"$\$/$NM'$@$A$d2HB2$@$1$@$C$F$3$H$@!#$3$NJ8$rFI$s$G$$$k?M$O$@$l$b!"$\$/$N7k:'@83h$@$N7r9/LdBj$@$N$K$D$$$FCN$j$?$$$H$O;W$o$J$$$@$m$&!J;W$C$?$H$7$F$b!"$"$J$?$NCN$C$?$3$C$A$c$"$j$^$;$s$,$J!*!K!#FIe$N$G$-$4$H$K@lG0$7$h$&!=!=$\$/$N=q$-J}$d9M$(J}$K$O$C$-$j1F6A$7$?$h$&$J7P83$@!#(B

$B!!$=$N2aDx$G!"(B20 $B@$5*Kv$N%"%a%j%[email protected]$7$?7P:Q3XLL$9$kJs=7$N9=B$$r>/$7$O$o$+$i$J$$$H!"7P:Q3X$NH/A[$NH/C#$O==J,$KM}2r$G$-$J$$!#$@$+$i$3$N>.J8$NBjL>$O!V$\$/$N%-%c%j%">e$N$G$-$4$H!W$J$s$@!#$\$/$O??A1H~$rDI5a$7$F$$$?$+$b$7$l$J$$$1$l$I!"$G$b$d$C$Q$j$_$s$J$HF1$8$/!"@.8y$b5a$a$F$$$?$s$@$+$i!#(B

$B!!$3$N%(%C%;%$$N$[$H$s$I$O!"$\$/$N@lLg@83h$NCGJR=8$r;~7ONs$K$7$?$b$N$@!#<+J,$N@83h$NOC$r!"$=$NA4BN$N0U5A$H;W$C$F$$$k$b$N!"$D$^$j$O<+J,$,7P:Q3X$K2?$r9W8%$7!"$=$N$?$a$K2?$r$d$C$?$+!"$H$$$&$3$H$H$N4XO"$G8l$C$F$_$h$&!"$H$$$&$o$1$@!#(B

$BL\

1. $B7P:Q3X

$B!!$\$/$K$O$j$G2#CG$7$F%"%^%>%s$rH5$G2<$C$??MJ*$G$"$C$F$b!"0BA4$J9Y30$NCfN.2HDm$G(B SF $B>.@b$rFI$s$G0i$C$??M4V$KHf$Y$F!"

$B!!$3$NM}O@$,@5$7$$$3$H$r5'$j$?$$!#$H$$$&$N$b$\$/$N=P?H$O

$B!!3N$+$K!"(BSF $B>.@b$O$"$C$?!#$H$$$&$+!"$\$/$,7P:Q3X$B6d2ODk9q$N6=K4(B$B;0It:n$rCN$C$F$$$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#$3$l$O/$J$$(BSF$B$@!=!=$B?4M}Nr;K3X$B!W$?$A$NOC$J$N$@!#$\$/$O$3$N!X(B$B6d2ODk9q$N6=K4(B$B!Y$,Bg9%$-$G!"Cf3X;~Be$NL)$+$JLQA[$O!"(B$B?4M}Nr;K3X$B$K$J$k$3$H$@$C$?!#;DG0$J$,$i!"$=$s$J$b$N$O!J$^$@!KB8:_$7$J$+$C$?!#$\$/$O:#$b@N$bNr;K$,Bg9%$-$@$1$l$I!"Nr;K$H$$$&e$N$b$N$r5a$a$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!#7P:Q3X0J30$N]$K$O6=L#$O$"$k$1$l$I!"Dj$,0U30$J7kO@$rF3$-!"0l8+$0$A$c$0$A$c$NLdBj$+$i$O$C$-$j$7$?F6;!$rCj=P$9$k$H$$$&7P:Q%b%G%k$NNO$KI$E($9$k$b$N$O!"@/<#2J3X$d

$B!!$H$$$&$o$1$G!"Bg3X$G$O7P:Q@l96$K$J$C$?!#$G$b7P:Q3X$N9V5A$O$=$s$J$K$H$i$J$+$C$?!#$H$$$&$+!"I,=$0J>e$N$b$N$O$[$H$s$I$H$i$:!"$=$NJ,$rNr;K$N9V5A$r$?$/$5$sF~$l$FKd$a$F$$$?!#$G$b!"K\Ev$N7P:Q8&5f$r$d$k8+=,$$$r$O$d$$;~4|$K7P83$G$-$?$N$O!"$H$F$b9,1?$@$C$?$H;W$&!#(B1973 $BG/$N=U!J(B3 $BG/@8$N$H$-(B)$B!"%&%#%j%"%`!&%N!<%I%O%&%9$H%A%c%j%s%0!&(B $B%/!<%W%^%s%9(B$B$O%(%M%k%.!<$HE7A3;q8;LdBj$K4X$9$k3XIt%;%_%J!<$r$d$C$?!#4|Kv%l%]!<%H$N%M%?$rC5$=$&$H$9$k$&$A!"$\$/$O%,%=%j%s$N2A3J$H>CHq$K$D$$$F$N@$3&3FCO$N2#JB$S%G!<%?$r$?$^$?$^8+$D$1$F!"$=$N%G!<%?$r;H$C$F%,%=%j%s$ND94|<{MW$,

$B!!%S%k!&%N!<%I%O%&%9$O8EE5E*$J(BMIT $B$NEAE}$KO"$J$kN)GI$J7P:Q3X$B%=%m!<(B$B$NEAE}!"$H$$$&$3$H$@!#$h$$7P:Q3X$r$d$k$K$O$$$/$D$+F;$,$"$k!#?<1s$JDjM}$r>ZL@$7$F$_$;$F$b$$$$!#$=$&$@$J!"$B%"%m!<(B$B$N6H@S$N=EMW@-$rC/$,H]Dj$G$-$k$M!)!!$=$7$F>\:Y$G%4%j%4%j$N7WNL7P:Q$r$d$C$F$b$$$$!#$?$H$($P%D%t%#!&(B$B%0%j%j%+%9(B$B$N6H@S$r$\$/$O?<$/B:7I$7$F$$$k!#$G$b$\$/$,@N$+$iL%NO$r46$8$F$$$?$N$O!"%N!<%I%O%&%9$,%(%M%k%.!.$5$J%b%G%k$r8=/!9$^$<$F!"LdBj$K3K?4$K@Z$jGw$k!"$H$$$&$d$jJ}$@!#(B

$B!!%N!<%I%O%&%9$N2<$GF/$$$?:G=i$N2F!"$+$l$O%(%M%k%.!<$NE,@5$J2A3J$E$1LdBj$K$D$$$F$I$&9M$($k$Y$-$+!"GyA3$H$7$?9M$($7$+$b$C$F$$$J$+$C$?!#$=$NGyA3$H$7$?463P$r$+$l$,%b%G%k$K7k>=2=$5$;!"$=$7$F$=$N%b%G%k$,$3$NLdBj$KBP$9$k$"$i$f$k?M$N8+J}$rJQ$($kMM;R$r!"$\$/$O$:$C$H8+J*$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$?!#<+J,$GF1$8$3$H$r$d$k$N$O?tG/@h$N$3$H$G$O$"$C$?$1$l$I!"$G$b7P:Q3X$r$d$k$C$F$N$,$I$&$$$&$3$H$+!"$3$s$J$KAa$$;~4|$KL\$NEv$?$j$K$G$-$?$N$O9,1?$@$C$?!#(B1974 $BG/$K%$%'!<%kBg$rB46H$7$F!"%N!<%I%O%&%9$N

$B!!(B1970 $BG/BeH>$P$N(B MIT $B$O$J$+$J$+AT@d$J;~Be$@$C$?!#0l$D$K$O!"Ev;~$O%^%/%m7P:Q3X$K$*$1$k9gM}E*4|BT3WL?$NF|!9$@$C$?!#(BMIT $B$N65Z$,uBV$K$J$C$F$$$?$+$i$@!#$H$O$$$(!"3X@8$?$A$K$7$F$_$l$P!"Ev;~$O$9$Y$F$,H/L@$7$J$*$7$rBT$C$F$$$k$h$&$K8+$($?!#(B Saddle-path $B?^<0$O$^$?L\?7$7$/$F%(%-%5%$%F%#%s%0$K8+$($?!J$$$^$O$b$&!";H$$8E$5$l$?$D$^$i$J$$%/%j%7%'$K$J$C$A$c$C$?$1$l$I!K!#$$$^$G$b!"Cg4V$,$o$$$o$$$H%i%s%A%k!<%`$N%F!<%V%k$G!"M=A[$5$l$k%7%g%C%/$N4v2?3X$r2r$$$F$$$?$N$r3P$($F$$$k!#9q:]%^%/%m7P:Q3X$K6=L#$N$"$C$?@8EL$?$A!=!=(B 1975 $BG/$K%k!<%G%#!&(B$B%I!<%s%V%C%7%e(B$B$,(B MIT $B$K$d$C$F$-$?$H$$$&$3$H$O!"B?$/$N3X@8$,6=L#$r;}$C$F$$$?$H$$$&$3$H$@!=!=$K$H$C$F$O!"JQF00YBXAj>l$N?7$7$$@$3&$r2rL@$7$h$&$H$9$k%*%^%1$N6=J3$,$"$C$?!#$=$N:"$O!"$@$l$,>!$A;D$kM}O@$r!$AZE*$JA{F0$O$^$@@h$NOC$@(B)$B!#(B

$B!!:G8e$K!"(BMIT $B$G$\$/$O$O$8$a$F!"7P:Q3X$B%I!<%s%V%C%7%e(B$B$,(B MIT $B$K$-$?$H$-!"$+$l$O$9$4$/3X$J?MJ*$@$C$?!#$H$3$m$,$+$l$O!"$\$/$NL\$NA0$G@/:v0FFb78$KJQ?H$7$F!"@$3&Cf$N@/I\$d6d9T2H$,%"%I%P%$%9$r5a$a$F$d$C$F$-$?!#$=$&$$$&Lr3d$N3HBg$N2DG=@-$,$I$3$^$GL\?7$7$$$b$N$+$OCN$i$J$$$1$l$I!"$\$/$K$H$C$F$OL\?7$7$+$C$?$N$@!#(B

$B!!(B1976 $BG/$N2F!"$\$/$O8e$N$H$s$G$b$J$$:.Mp>uBV$K$"$C$?!#2]Bj$NBgItJ,$O!"$=$b$=$b2?$,5/$-$F$$$k$+$r$D$-$H$a$k$3$H$@$C$?!#$=$N7P83$+$i3X$s$@$N$O!"$4$/4JC1$J7P:Q3XE*%"%$%G%"$NNO$H!"

$B!!$?$@(B MIT $B$G$OBg$$$K3X$s$@$1$l$I!"2Z!9$7$/3hLv$7$?$H$$$&$K$O$[$I1s$$!#$O$d$/1!$rB46H$7$?$/$F$?$^$i$J$+$C$?!#$=$l$O$\$/$,$=$N:"$b$^$@Fb5$$G$R$H$j$\$C$A$@$C$?$+$i!"$H$$$&$@$1$N$3$H$G!"8=$B%=%m!<(B$B$,%O!<%P!<%I$N(B Society of Fellows $B$K?dA&$7$F$d$m$&$H8@$C$F$/$l$?$N$rCG$C$?!#;0G/4V!"%*%U%#%9$G$R$H$j$\$C$A$G$9$o$C$F$k$@$1$K$J$k$N$,I]$+$C$?$+$i$@(B)$B!#7k2L$H$7$F!"$P$K$5$7$+$+$k$^$G!"7P:Q3X

$BL\

2. $B%S%8%g%s$r8+$D$1$k(B

$B!!<+J,$i$7$$$H;W$($k=i$N%Z!<%Q!<$r=q$$$?$N$O!"Bg3X1!$G$N$3$H$@$C$?!#O"K.=`Hw6d9T$GFs%v7n%$%s%?!<%s$r$7$F$$$k$H$-$K$U$H;W$$$D$$$?!V(BA model of balance of payments crises$B!W$@$C$?!#>&IJ:_8K$KBP$9$kEj5!967b$NOC$r%9%F%#!<%V!&%5%i%s%H$,$7$F$$$F!"$=$l$,DL2_4m5!$K$bE,MQ$G$-$k$J!"$H5$$,$D$$$?$s$@!#$G$b!"$\$/$N$;$H8@$C$F$/$l$k$^$G$=$N$^$^$K$7$F$*$$$?!#(B

$B!!:#$K$7$F;W$($P!"Ej5!967b%M%?$r?2$+$7$F$*$$$?$N$O9,1?$@$C$?!#$H$$$&$N$b!"$b$7B3$1$F$$$?$i!"$=$N8e?tG/$r9q:]6bM;$N9gM}E*4|BT7A@.%b%G%k$KHq$d$9$3$H$K$J$C$F$$$?2DG=@-$,9b$$$+$i$@!#$=$&$J$k$+$o$j$K!"$\$/$O65?&$N:G=i$NH>G/$r$A$g$C$Hh+A3<+<:>uBV$G2a$4$7!"$=$l$+$i$b$C$H$:$C$HBg$-$J$b$N$r8+$D$1$?!#(B15 $BG/0J>e$?$C$?:#$b!"$\$/$N8&5f$rF3$-B3$1$F$$$k%S%8%g%s$@!#$=$N%S%8%g%s$H$O$b$A$m$s!"KG0W$K$*$1$k<}3OD~A}$HIT40A46%Ah$N=EMW@-$@!#(B

$B!!FH@jE*6%Ah$K$D$$$FCN$C$?$N$O!"(B1976 $BG/$K%\%V!&(B$B%=%m!<(B$B$,$d$C$?C;$$9V5A$G$N$3$H$G!"$?$V$s$=$N?7$7$$%b%G%k$rKG0W$KE,MQ$7$F$_$h$&$H$$$&H/A[$O!"$=$l0JMh$:$C$HF,$NCf$G=O$7$D$D$"$C$?$s$@$m$&!#$G$b!"$\$/$N;E;v$K$OE57?E*$J%Q%?!<%s$,$"$k!#$^$:$OGyA3$H$7$?%"%$%G%"$,$"$C$F!"$=$l$H;~!9$?$o$`$l$F$_$k!#$=$l$,2?G/$bB3$/$3$H$b$"$k!#$=$7$F2?$+$,5/$3$C$F!"$$$-$J$jL8$,>C$(5n$j!"$[$H$s$I40@.$7$?%b%G%k$,$G$-$"$,$C$F$$$k!#$3$N>l9g$K$O!"(B1978 $BG/$K%k!<%G%#!&(B$B%I!<%s%V%C%7%e(B$B$rK,$M$F<+J,$N8&5f$K$D$$$FOC$r$9$k$H$-$K!"$$$/$D$+%"%$%G%"$N0lMw$r:n$C$?$s$@$1$l$I!"FH@j6%Ah7?$NKG0W%b%G%k$NH/A[$r!"$[$H$s$I$"$H$E$1$N;W$$$D$-$G$/$C$D$1$F$*$$$?$s$@!#%k!<%G%#$,!"$=$l$O$*$b$7$m$$%"%$%G%"$@$h$H;XE&$7$F$/$l$?$N$G!"2H$K5"$C$F

$B!!$b$A$m$s!"$3$N%S%8%g%s$N@5$7$5$r?M$KG$O!"o$K@53N$K;XE&$G$-$k!#$3$N%b%G%k$r2DG=$K$7$F$/$l$?J,@O>e$N$R$M$j$O!"%\%9%H%s$N%m!<%,%s6u9A$G!"%_%M%"%]%j%9$X$NHt9T5!$rBT$C$F$$$k$H$-$K;W$$$D$$$?$s$@(B)$B!#(B

$B!!$=$N?7$7$$%Z!<%Q!<$r!"F1G/(B 7 $B7n$N(B National Bureau of Economic Research $B$N2F4|9V=,$GH/I=$7$?!=!=M}A[E*$J>l=j$@!#M-NO$J9q:]7P:Q3X$3$=$,!"$\$/$N?M@8$G:G9b$N(B 90 $BJ,$@$C$?$H;W$&!#1G2h!X2N$(!*%m%l%C%?0&$N$?$a$K!Y$K$O%/%5$$>lLL$,$"$k!#l$G=i$a$FIqBf$K$?$A!"$=$7$F0l?M$:$D5R$,$*$7$c$Y$j$r$d$a$F!"H`=w$N2N$K<*$r79$1$k$h$&$K$J$k!#$=$&!"$\$/$b$=$s$J5$J,$@$C$?!#$\$/$O$$$-$J$j!"$N$7>e$,$C$?$s$@!#(B

$B!!$N$7>e$,$C$?$C$F!"2?$K!)!!8=Be$N3X=Q@$3&$K$O!"$I$s$JJ,Ln$G$b!=!=9q:]%U%!%$%J%s%9$@$m$&$H!"%8%'!<%s!&%*!<%9%F%#%s8&5f$@$m$&$H!"FbJ,Hg3X$N0lIt$@$m$&$H!=!=$"$k!V0l@~!W$C$F$N$,$$$k!#3X=Q2q5D$N9V1i$K8F$P$l$k?M!9$G!"$$$o$P;ve$N%N!<%a%s%/%i%D!<%i$r7A@.$9$k?M!9$@!#@N$O9q:]7P:Q3X$K$*$1$k$3$N0l@~$H$$$&$d$D$r!"!VJQF0%/%i%C%W%9!W(B($BLuCm!'%/%i%C%W%9$C$F$N$O!"%A%s%A%m%j%s$_$?$$$J$5$$$3$mGnBG%2!<%`$M!K(B$B$H8F$s$@$3$H$,$"$k!#$=$3$KF~$k$N$O$`$:$+$7$$!=!=$9$4$/$$$$%Z!<%Q!<$rFsK\$O=q$/I,MW$,$"$k!#0lK\$OCmL\$r=8$a$k$?$a!"$b$&0lK\$O:G=i$N$,$^$0$l$8$c$J$+$C$?$H>ZL@$9$k$?$a!=!=$1$I!"$$$C$?$sF~$C$?$i!"@d$($:2q5D$d>7BTO@J8$N$*@<$,$+$+$k$N$G!";D$k$N$O0W$7$$!#(B1980 $BG/$N2F$K$O!"$9$4$/$$$$%Z!<%Q!<$,(B 5 $BK\4)9T$5$l$?$+$=$NM=Dj$@$C$?$N$G!"$\$/$O$*$*$`$M=*?H$NCO0L$,LsB+$5$l$F$$$?!#(B

$B!!B3$/?tG/$O!"3X2q$K3N8G$?$kCO0L$rJ]>Z$5$l$?$?$a$K!"$A$g$C$H%@%l$?$H;W$&!#$H$O$$$(!"AjJQ$o$i$:KG0W$HIT40A46%Ah$N7P:Q3X$N8&5f$OB3$1$?$7!"$$$^$@$K@VLL$;$:$KFI$a$kO@J8$b2?K\$+=q$$$F$O$$$k$1$l$I!#$G$b$=$N:"$N5-21$N$[$H$s$I$O!"9q:]2q5D$X$N=P@J$@$C$?!#$3$l$OJL$K9k@*$J%$%Y%s%H$8$c$J$+$C$?!#%(%3%N%_!<%/%i%9$GHt$s$G!"6u9A$+$i$b%P%9$G%[%F%k$K8~$+$$!"%(%l%Y!<%?!<$N$J$$%[%F%k$NO;3,$KGq$^$C$?$j!"JX=j$,O-2<$N1|$K$7$+$J$$$h$&$J2q5D>l$K%+%s%E%a$K$J$k!"$H$$$&$h$&$JBeJ*$@!#$=$l$G$b!"$$$^$d$\$/$NN9Hq$rB>$N?M$,IiC4$7$F$/$l$F$$$?!#%$%.%j%9!"%U%i%s%9!"%$%?%j%"!"%I%$%D!"%9%Z%$%s!"%U%#%s%i%s%I!"%9%&%'!<%G%s!"%9%$%9!"%$%9%i%(%k!"%a%-%7%3!#$d$C$H%A%C%/$JBN83$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!=!=$?$@$7$b$A$m$s!"$I$3$X9T$C$F$bF1$8$h$&$JLL;R$K$P$+$j2q$&$N$O%"%l$@$C$?$1$I!*(B

$B!!3XLd$N0l@~$rN%$l$?$3$H$O$J$$$7!"$3$l$+$i$bN%$l$k$D$b$j$O$J$$!#$=$N@$3&$N;EAH$_$K$D$$$F$O$A$g$C$H%7%K%+%k$@$C$?$3$H$b$"$k$1$l$I!"$G$b$=$N%a%s%P!<$?$A$O!"$9$P$i$7$$$[$I5$Z$G$-$k!#K\Ev$K$*$b$7$m$$0U8+$r$b$C$F$$$k$N$O!"%T%s%9%H%i%$%W$N%9!<%D$rCe$?M-L>$J@/I\9b41$J$s$+$8$c$J$/$F!"%V%k!<%8!<%s%:$NuBV$@$C$?!#$=$l$,:G=*E*$KI,$:$7$b$$$^$h$j$$$$$b$N$G$J$/$F$b!#(B

$BL\

3. $B%o%7%s%H%s(B

$B!!(B1982 $BG/$N(B 8 $B7n$K!"%9%&%'!<%G%s$N2q5D$+$i2H$KLa$k$H!"%^!<%A%s!&%U%'%k%I%7%e%?%$%s$KEEOC$7$m$H$$$&EA8@$,$"$C$?!#Fs=54V8e!"$\$/$O(B MIT $B$r5Y?&$7$F%o%7%s%H%s$K8~$+$$!"7P:Q8\LdI>5D2q(B (Council of Economic Advisers) $B$G9q:]7P:Q$N
$B!!$"$k0UL#$G!"$\$/$,%l!<%,%s@/8"$K;22C$9$k$H$$$&$N$O4qL/$J$3$H$@$C$?!#$\$/$OEv;~$b$$$^$b!"J!;c9q2H$N;Y;}N@lLg2H$?$A$@!#%l!<%,%s@/8"$O$b$A$m$s!"J!;c9q2H$,Bg7y$$$G!"??u67$r2~A1$7$F$/$l$k$s$8$c$J$$$+$H;W$C$F%U%'%k%I%7%e%?%$%s$r8[$C$?$P$+$j$+!"@/<#E*$K!VJP8~!W$7$?e$G:b@/@V;z$K$D$$$F7|G0$rI=L@$7$?$H$$$&$3$H$G!"CO0L$rDI$o$l$k$3$H$K$J$k!#$,!"$3$l$O$^$?8e$NOC!#(B

$B!!%o%7%s%H%s$O!":G=i$O%9%j%j%s%0$G!"$=$l$+$i88LG$@$C$?!#$=$3$O@$3&$N'$G$-$k$/$i$$$@(B ($B!V5!L)(B/$B309q@RpJs(B/$B=P=j@)8B!W(B)$B!#0lIt$N?M$O$=$N%9%j%k$KCfFG$7$F!"Cf?46a$/$K;D$k$?$a$J$i$J$s$G$b$9$k!#(B

$B!!$G$b$7$P$i$/$9$k$H$\$/$O!"@/:v7hDj$,L\6bMx$H
$B!!$G$b!"<+J,$N?7$7$$:MG=$OH/8+$7$?!#??7u$J7P:Q3X$K$D$$$F!"0l8+$o$+$j$d$9$$1Q8l$G=q$/G=NO$@!#$=$N:MG=$O!"5!L)%a%b$r=q$/$N$GKa$+$l$F!"$=$l$,==J,$K>ee$NDs0F$N0lIt$r?<$/5?Ld;k$9$k$b$N$G!"FC$K%m%P!<%H!&%i%$%7%e$H$+$$$&@/:v
$BL\

4. $B<}B+$H4m5!(B

$B!!%o%7%s%H%s$G0lG/2a$4$7$?$\$/$O!"3XLd@83h$KLa$k$H$$$&LdBj$KD>LL$7$?!=!=$3$l$OMF0W$J$3$H$8$c$J$$!#@/<#$N@$3&$G$7$P$i$/F/$/$H!"$b$&3XLd8&5fG=NO$,GK2u$5$l$F$7$^$&!#O@J8$r=q$/$N$,D>@\$G$-$4$H$r:81&$9$k$H$$$&%9%j%k$r7g$$$F$$$k!"$H$$$&$@$1$8$c$J$$!#r7o$@$NL`EYHf8!Dj$J$s$F$N$,K\Ev$K0UL#$,$"$k$h$&$K;W$($J$/$J$C$F$7$^$&!"$H$$$&$N$b$"$k!#$G$b$\$/$O1?$,$h$+$C$?!#F1N=$,LLE]$r8+$F$/$l$?$s$@!#(B

$B!!(B1983-4 $BG/EY$K$+$1$F!"%F%k%"%S%VBg3X$N%(%k%O%J%s!&%X%k%W%^%s$,(B MIT $B$N5R0w$G$-$F$$$F!"$\$/$H$+$l$,@h6n$1$N0lMc$H$J$C$?!V?7KG0WM}O@!W$H!";:6HAH?%O@$HKG0W$NE}9g$K4X$9$k8&5f$r$^$H$a$?Bg:n$r$^$H$a$h$&$H@bF@$7$F$/$l$?$N$@$C$?!#B3$/(B 10 $B%v7n$O!"$R$?$9$iKWF,:n6H$,B3$-!"7k2L$H$7$F=P$F$-$?$N$O(B Market Structure and Foreign Trade $B$@!#$3$l$O%(%k%O%J%s$,A[Dj$7$F$$$?A@$$$r$9$Y$F
$B!!$3$NBg:n6H$N8e$G!"$\$/$O0le$N4m5!$K4Y$C$F$$$?$s$@!#308+$K$O!"$3$l$O$o$+$i$J$+$C$?$+$b$7$l$J$$!#$@$C$F$=$N:"$K$O!"@$3&@hC<$N7P:Q3XIt$G=*?H65
$B!!@5D>8@$C$F!"<+J,$,==J,$KI>2A$5$l$F$$$J$$5$$b$7$F$$$?!#$"$kLL$G!"$3$l$O7$+$l$F$k$N$K!#?MN`$N(B 99.9 $B%Q!<%;%s%H$KHf$Y$l$P!"J86g$J$7$N@83h$@!#$G$b$b$A$m$s!"?M4V$H$$$&F0J*$O$=$s$J$U$&$K$O$G$-$F$$$J$$!#$\$/$N46>pE*$J;2>H72$O!"F1@$Be$N:G9b$N7P:Q3X
$B!!(B1987 $BG/$N=U$H2F$K$O!"46>pE*$J%I%D%\$K$O$^$C$?!#%0%i%s%H$$$/$D$+$rCG$i$l$?$N$G!"MbG/$OBg3X$r0lG/5Y$b$&$H$$$&7W2h$b$+$J$jLLE]$K$J$C$?!#$=$7$F8&5f$rB3$1$h$&$H$$$&K\5$$N855$$b$J$$$h$&$@$C$?!#2q5D$K$b$$$C$?$1$l$I!"$G$b7A$P$+$j$H$$$&46$8!#$=$7$F$I$&$$$&$o$1$+!"$9$Y$F$,$^$?$-$C$A$j$*$5$^$C$F$-$?$N$@$C$?!#(B

$BL\

5. $B8&5f$N:FG3(B

$B!!(B1987 $BG/8eH>$K$J$C$F!"8&5f$N@8;:@-$,:F$SGzH/$7$?!#M}M3$O$O$C$-$j$7$J$$$1$l$I!"$$$/$D$+9M$($i$l$J$/$b$J$$!#(B

$B0l$D$O!"(BMIT $B$r(B 1 $BG/5Y?&$7$F(B National Bureau of Economic Research $B$K9x$r?x$($F$$$?$3$H$@!#(BNBER $B$O$-$e$&$/$D$J4D6-$G!"?t==?M$Nl=j$OB>$K$OCN$i$J$$!#(B

$B!!$b$&0l$D$NM}M3$O!"$\$/$,$O$C$-$j$H$OCN$i$L4V$K!":`NA$r=8$a$F$$$?$H$$$&$3$H$@!#2a5n(B 2$B!!G/$K$o$?$j!":,K\E*$J8&5f>e$NH/A[$,$J$/!Je9q:DL3$K$D$$$F!"KG0W@V;z$K$D$$$F$J$I$K$D$$$F!"3W?7E*$G$O$J$/$F$b$=$3$=$36Z$NDL$C$?O@J8$K$*6b$r=P$7$F$/$l$?!#$\$/$O$3$l$,$+$J$j>e/$J$$$7!"$^$?$7$?$,$k?M$b>/$J$$!#$@$+$i$\$/$O!"8-$$%b%G%k9=C[
$B!!:G8e$K!"$/$@$i$J$/J9$3$($k$+$b$7$l$J$$$1$l$I!"%Q%=%3%sMQ%=%U%H$N8~>e$H!"FC$K309qN99T$K;}$C$F9T$1$k%i%C%W%H%C%W$NEP>l$,!"$\$/$KM}O@%Z!<%Q!<$r=q$-$d$9$/$7$F$/$l$?$H;W$&!#$\$/$O$9$4$/:n6H$O$O$d$$$1$l$I!"Mp;($G5$$^$0$l$J8&5fe$2$5$;$F$/$l$k5;=Q$H$$$&$N$O!"
$B!!$H$K$+$/M}M3$O$I$&$"$l!"(B1987 $BG/$H(B 1988 $BG/$K$O5!4X=F$_$?$$$K%Z!<%Q!<$r=q$-$^$/$C$?!#2?K\=q$$$?$+<+J,$G$b$o$+$i$J$$!=!=$$$^$G$b=EMW$JM}O@%Z!<%Q!<$,(B8$BK\$+$=$3$i!"$=$7$F2q5DMQ$N;~;vE*$J%Z!<%Q!<$,(B15$BK\$/$i$$!"$5$i$K$O6&Cx=q(B 2 $B:}$@$J(B ($B$A$J$_$K!"%"%$%G%"$,Ib$+$s$G$/$k;~$dJ}K!$O!"AjJQ$o$i$:$+$J$jJQ$@!#0YBX%l!<%H$N%?!<%2%C%H%>!<%s$K4X$9$k4pK\%b%G%k$O!"$\$/$N%Z!<%Q!<$NCf$G:[email protected]$7$?$b$N$N0l$D$@$m$&$1$l$I!"El5~$+$i%m%s%I%s9T$-$N%U%i%$%H$NCf$G;W$$$D$$$?$b$N$@(B)$B!#(B

$B!!$3$NJ.=P4|$K=q$$$?%Z!<%Q!<$O!"1!$r=P$F?tG/$G=q$$$?%Z!<%Q!<$H$O$A$,$C$F$$$?!#=i4|$N8&5f$O!"$=$NF05!$E$1$r$[$\40A4$K7P:Q8&5f<+BN$NO@M}$+$i=&$C$F$-$F$*$j!"!V$J$e$NLdBj!=!=Bh;0@$3&$N:DL35_:Q!"(BEMS $B$N;EAH$_!"L@$i$+$J8r0W%V%m%C%/2=$N%H%l%s%I!=!=$r=PH/E@$K$9$k%Z!<%Q!<$r=q$$$F$$$?!#$=$3$+$i>.$5$$%(%l%,%s%H$J%b%G%k$r:n$C$F!"LdBj$rO@$8$k$?$a$N8@8l$r:n$k!#8!F$$7$?2]Bj$N$$$/$D$+$O!"$b$&K:$l5n$i$l$F$7$^$C$?!#$G$b%b%G%k$N$[$&$O$=$N$^$^@8$-B3$1$k!#(B

$B!!(B1987 $BG/$H(B 1988 $BG/$K$d$C$?8&5f$O!"8&5f$K4X$9$k<+8J2{5?$K=*;_Id$rBG$C$F$/$l$?!#$=$7$F$\$/$N3X2A$,9b$^$C$F$$$?!#$3$NI>2A$O$d$,$F!"$$$/$D$+Bg$-$J3XLdE*1IM@$KH?1G$5$l$k!#%(%k%O%J%s!&%X%k%W%^%s$O!"%$%9%i%(%k>^$r^$7$?!J$3$l$O%N!<%Y%k>^$HF1$8$+$=$l0J>e$K^$N$`$:$+$7$$3X=Q>^$@!K!#$=$7$F$\$/$O%"%a%j%+7P:Q3X2q$N%8%g%s!&%Y%$%D!&%/%i!<%/>^$r$b$i$C$?!#=EMW$JE@$O!"(B1987 $BG/$H(B 1988 $BG/$K$\$/$O:F$S0l
$BL\

6. $B$b$C$H9-$$FI

$B!!(B1988 $BG/=)!"$b$H$O9q2q$NI{41$G$$$^$O%o%7%s%H%s!&%]%9%H$GF/$$$F$$$?%^%$%1%k!&%P!<%+!<$,K\$r=q$+$J$$$+$H8@$C$F$-$?!#%]%9%He$2$?!#$U$?$r3+$1$F$_$k$H!"$\$/$,=q$$$?$N$O%^%$%1%k$b$\$/$bM=A[$7$J$+$C$?$h$&$JK\$@$C$?!#$=$l$O3N$+$K%"%a%j%+7P:QF~Lg$G$O$"$C$?$1$l$I!"$G$b0lJ}$G$=$l$O$5$j$2$J$/7P:QM}O@$N652J=q$K$b$J$C$F$$$F!"%"%a%j%+$NK\Ev$N7P:QLdBj$r!"7P:Q86M}$N@bL@$N$?$a$N%(%T%=!<%I$K;H$C$F!"9bEY$J%b%G%k$r0l8+C1=c$JJ8>O$N2<$K1#$7$?$b$N$K$J$C$F$$$?!#K|?M$K5$$KF~$i$l$?$o$1$8$c$J$$$1$l$I!"$9$0$K0l
$B!X%/%k!<%0%^%s65
$B!!$3$l$O$$$$$3$H$P$+$j$8$c$J$+$C$?!#$\$/$N@83h$N%Z!<%9$OJQ$o$C$?!#$$$^$^$G$@$C$FK;$7$+$C$?$1$l$I!"$$$^$d$\$/$O@d$($:IT9,$J%*!<%P!<%I%i%$%V>uBV$K$J$C$?!#%(!<%8%'%s%H$H7@Ls$7$F!"9V1i$N>r7o$r$+$l$i$K8r>D$7$F$b$i$C$?!#$=$l$O$+$l$i$,;E;v$r$H$C$F$-$F$/$l$k$+$i$8$c$J$/$F!"$+$l$i$,9b$$NA6b$rMW5a$9$k$3$H$G$\$/$N;~4V$r@aLs$7$F$/$l$k$+$i$@(B ($B$G$b9V1i$O$+$J$j>ee$,$C$F$-$?$N$G$D$$$D$$$d$j$9$.$F$7$^$&(B)$B!#KhF|(B1-2$B;~4V$OEEOC$G5--Mh$N@8;:@-$K$H$C$F$O1?$N$$$$$3$H$K!"%F%l%S%?%l%s%H$H$7$F$NLr3d$O3+2V$7$J$+$C$?!#$b$7$=$&$J$C$F$$$?$i!"8&5f$rB3$1$k$@$1$N<+@)?4$,;}$F$?$+$I$&$+!#(B

$B!!%?%l%s%HE*$J$\$/$NLr3d$O!"(B1992 $BG/$NBgE}NNA*5s@o$GBg$-$/9-$,$j!"$=$ND>8e$K5^Mn$7$?!#$\$/$,L\N)$D$h$&$K$J$C$?$N$O!"=jF@J,G[$K4X$9$k_uNu$J8x3+O@Ah$@$C$?!#%l!<%,%s@/8";~Be$K=jF@$NITJ?Ey$,5^>e>:$7$?$N$O;vO$r!X7P:QF~Lg!Y$KF~$l$?!=!=$A$J$_$KJT=8Z8@$b$7$?!#6qBNE*$K$O!"$\$/$OITJ?Ey$N5,LO$r$"$i$o$K$9$kM-8z$JJ}K!$r;W$$$D$$$?$s$@!#(B1977 $BG/$+$i(B 1989 $BG/$K$+$1$F$NJ?6Q@$BS<}F~$NA}2C$N$&$A!"(B7$B3d6/$O%H%C%W(B 1 $B%Q!<%;%s%H$N@$BS$N2{$KF~$C$F$$$k!#$3$N?t;z$O$J$+$J$+%-%c%C%A!<$J$b$N$@$C$?$N$G!"%/%j%s%H%s$NA*5s%-%c%s%Z!<%s$O4r!9$H$7$F$3$l$r;H$C$?!#(B

$B!!$=$N8e?t%v7n$O4qL/$J;~4|$@$C$?!#$\$/$O%a%G%#%"$NM'?M?t?M$N=u$1$r!$C$?$H;W$&!=!=:G=*E*$K$O!"MW$OITJ?Ey$O3N$+$KBg$-$/3HBg$7$?$N$G$"$C$F!"$=$l$rH]Dj$7$h$&$H$9$k;n$_$O$@$s$@$sJQ$K8+$($F$-$?!#$G$b$=$N$*$+$2$G!"$\$/$O$=$l$^$G$K$J$$$[$IL\N)$DLr3d$r0lG/6a$/2L$?$7$F$$$?$o$1$@!#$d$,$F$3$l$,!"$\$/$r%/%j%s%H%s$NA*5s%-%c%s%Z!<%s$H0z$-9g$o$;$k$N$OHr$1$,$?$$$3$H$@$C$?!#$\$/$O$+$l$N7P:Q@/:v$r9NDj$9$kO@@b5-;v$r=q$-!"Ev$N8uJd5D2q$N5DD93N
$B!!$H$3$m$,p$O;}$C$F$$$J$+$C$?!#A*5s$ND>8e!"%m%P!<%H!&%i%$%7%e!=!=$\$/$,(B 1983 $BG/$K967b$7$?$^$5$K$"$N@/:v$5$l$?!#$=$7$F$,$C$+$j$7$?$3$H$K!"$\$/$O1F6ANO$N$"$kCO0L$+$iGS=|$5$l!J$3$l$O$"$^$j5$$K$J$i$J$+$C$?!K!"$=$l$P$+$j$+%/%j%s%H%s@/8"$O7OE}E*$K!"K\Ev$N@lLg2H$h$j@/:v
$B!!$\$/$O$3$&$$$&E83+$rBg?M$7$/P$$$b$N$K$7$F!"<+J,$,$=$NLr?&$K$D$1$J$+$C$?$d$D$N;@$C$Q$$%V%I%&CL5A$@$H$$$&$3$H$K$7$?!#?t%v7n8e$K$O$_$s$J$,?7@/8"$N?M;v$N$OEv;~$b:#$b!"D:E@$h$j$O$+$J$jDc$$$H$3$m$K$"$k!#(B

$B!!$3$N$*OC$O$^$@=*$o$C$F$$$J$$$+$b$7$l$J$$!#$\$/$O:#!"0lHL8~$1$NK\$r$b$&0l:}=q$$$F$$$k$7!"8x3+$NO@Ah$+$i$$$D$^$G$bF($2$F$$$k$D$b$j$b$J$$!#$G$b(B 1992 $BG/$KBN83$7$?$h$&$J!"G.$K$&$+$l$?$h$&$J@/<#;22C$O$b$&$J$$$H;W$&$7!"$^$?$7$?$$$H$b;W$o$J$$!#@/<#$X$N4XM?$,0z$-$*$3$7$?A{F0$NIT2w46$rJ?@E$K
$BL\

7. $B%S%8%g%s$NI|3h(B

$B!!$\$/$N@lLg>e$N4X?4$K$O%j%:%`$,$"$k!#2?G/$+3X=Q8&5f$K@lG0$7$F$$$k$H!"$@$s$@$sB`6~$7$F@/:v$K$+$+$o$j$?$,$k!#@/:v$r$7$P$i$/$d$k$H!"K\J*$N8&5f$r$^$?$d$j$?$/$F$?$^$i$J$/$J$k(B ($B8&5f$K$/$i$Y$F@/:v$KK0$-$k$[$&$,$:$C$H$O$d$$(B)$B!#$3$N%j%:%`$KCiGeography and Trade ($BK.Lu!'!XC&9q6-$N7P:Q3X!Y(B) $B$G!"$3$l$b$^$?%+%k%H8EE5$H$J$C$?!#(B

$B!!$U$?$r3+$1$F$_$k$H!"7P:QCOM}3X$O$\$/$,(B 1980 $BG/Be$K7!$j=P$7$?%F!<%^$h$j$:$C$HK-$+$J8&5fJ,Ln$@$C$?!#$9$G$K$3$NJ,Ln$G=EMW$J%Z!<%Q!<$r(B6$BK\=q$$$?$7!"$=$l$G$b$^$@%M%?$,?T$-$=$&$J5$$O$^$k$G$7$J$$!#$^$?$3$NJ,Ln$rI[65$9$k$?$a$N7OE}E*$J%W%m%;%9$b3+;O$7$?!#$\$/$O7P:QCOM}$r!"9q:]KG0W$HF1$8$/$i$$??7u$KO@$8$i$l$k7P:Q3XJ,Ln$H$7$F3NN)$5$;$k$D$b$j$@$7!"[email protected]$9$k$H;W$C$F$$$k!#(B

$B!!K\Ev$K?7$7$/$F<+J,$G$bK\5$$G?.$8$i$l$k$h$&$J!"@$3&$N;EAH$_$K4X$9$kF6;!$r$b$?$i$9$h$$H/A[$r;W$$$D$/$N$O!"e$KK~B-$N$$$/M#0l$N$b$N$H$$$C$?$i!"$=$NH/A[$,e$NC55a$r$7$F$$$k867?E*$J1QM:$_$?$$$J5$J,$K$J$k!#?7KG0WM}O@$N9=C[Cf$K!"$=$l$r0lEY$G$bL#$o$C$?$N$O
$B!!$=$l$r$b$C$HK~B-$N$$$/$b$N$K$7$F$/$l$F$$$k$N$,!"Fs$D$NC55a$N4V$N4X78$@!#7P:QCOM}3X$O!"?7KG0WM}O@$HF1$8$/!"$b$C$Q$i<}3OD~A}$HJ#?t6Q9U$r$a$0$k$b$N$@!#%b%G%k$r07$$$d$9$/$9$k$?$a$N5;=QE*$J>.5;$O$7$P$7$PF1$8$@!#NOE@$O$A$,$&!=!=KG0W%b%G%k$O$b$C$Q$iFbE*$J5,LO$N7P:Q$K>GE@$r9g$o$;$F$$$?$7!"COM}3X$O30It7P:Q$,Cf?4$@!=!=$=$7$F@/:v$N=EMW@-$NLL$G$b$A$,$&!#$=$l$G$b!"Fs$D$N8&5f$O$I$A$i$b$"$k0UL#$G!"$b$C$HBg$-$J%W%m%8%'%/%H$N0lIt$J$N$OL@$i$+$@!#$@$+$i$\$/$O!"(B2 $B%@!<%9$+$=$3$i$N8-$$O@J8$r=q$$$?0J>e$N$3$H$r$d$C$?$H46$8$i$l$kK~B-$rJz$$$F$$$k!#$\$/$O0l.O@$N;D$j$G$O!"$=$N;v6H$N@-
8. $B$3$l$^$G$d$C$F$-$?$3$H(B

$B!!%/%j%(%$%F%#%V$J;E;v$r$9$k?M$O!"0l
$BCf?H(B

$B!!$$$^$^$G$N$*OC$,$O$C$-$j<($9$h$&$K!"$\$/$O$$$m$s$J%F!<%^$N8&5f$dCx:n$r$7$F$-$?!#$G$b!"$=$NCf$G:G=EMW$N%F!<%^$O<}3OD~A}$NH/A[$@!#$=$7$F$\$/$,<+J,$NB8:_$r@5Ev2=$G$-$k$N$O!"/$J$/$H$b%"%@%`!&(B$B%9%_%9(B$B$^$G$5$+$N$\$k!#$=$l$G$b!"(B1980 $BG/Be$K$J$k$^$G!"7P:Q3X$O$$$o$P(B$B%j%+!<%I(B$BE*C1=c2=$KBg$-$/;YG[$5$l$F$$$?!#$3$l$O$D$^$j!"<}3O0lDj$H40A46%Ah$H$$$&A[Dj$@!#(B

$B!!$J$<%j%+!<%IE*C1=c2=$,;YG[$7$F$-$?$+!"$H$$$&$N$OIT;W5D$G$b$J$s$G$b$J$$!#$b$N$9$4$$J*M}3X$N:,K\$G$b$J$$8B$j!"@oN,E*$JC1=c2=$O$"$i$f$kM}2r$NK\l9g$K$OQ'8v$H$$$&$b$N$@!#$=$l$G$b!"@$3&$OK\Ev$O<}3O0lDj$K$O$J$C$F$$$J$$$7!"$@$+$i%j%+!<%IE*C1=c2=$rD6$($k$3$H$O=EMW$@$C$?!#$?$H$($=$l$,@/:vN)0F
$B!!7P:Q%b%G%k$K<}3OD~A}$rG'$a$?$i!"Fs$D$N1F6A$,=P$F$/$k!#$^$:!"<}3OD~A}$OJ#?t6Q9U$N2DG=@-$HL)@\$K7k$S$D$$$F$$$k!#<}1W0lDj$N%b%G%k$K$bJ#?t6Q9U$O$"$jF@$k$1$l$I!"$[$H$s$I8=r7o$,N_@Q$7$F!"$H$$$&$h$&$J!#(B

$B!!$D$^$jBg$^$+$K8@$C$F!"EAE}E*$J7P:QJ,@O$O!=!=$-$o$a$F$^$H$b$JM}M3$+$i!=!=6Q9U$,SO9%$d5;=Q$dMWAGG[J,$G0l0UE*$K7h$^$k@EE*%b%G%k$K$b$C$Q$i=8Cf$7$F$-$?!#<}3OD~A}$r$^$8$a$K9MN8$7$?7P:QJ,@O$O!"DL>o$OF0E*%b%G%k$r;H$$!"$^$?6Q9U$NA*Br$ONr;K$rH?1G$7$?$b$N$H$J$k!#(B

$B!!$3$l$O$I$l$b8@$&$^$G$b$J$$$3$H$P$+$j$@$7!"7P:Q;WA[;K$r8+$l$P<}3OD~A}$dJ#?t6Q9U$dF03X$dNr;K$NLr3d$r$b$C$H=E;k$9$Y$-$@!"$H$$$C$?@k8@$O$"$A$3$A$K=P$F$/$k!#$?$H$($P%K%3%i%9!&(B$B%+%k%I%"(B$B$O!"(B1960 $BG/Be8eH>$K<}3O0lDj$KBP$9$k$-$D$$967b$r$7$+$1$?!#%H%^%9!&(B$B%7%'%j%s%0(B$B$O!"(B1970 $BG/Be$N0lO"$N%Z!<%Q!<$G!"F03X$HJ#?t6Q9U$K$D$$$F$N%(%l%,%s%H$J>.6wOC$r$$$m$$$m=P$7$?!#$G$b!"<}3OD~A}$,7P:Q3X$Ne$N;?<-$O$J$$$H;W$&!*(B)$B!#$G$b!"$^$:$OKG0W!"$=$7$F7P:QCOM}$K4X$9$k$\$/$N8&5f$O!"$@$l$K$bA}$7$F<}3OD~A}$r$3$NJ,Ln$NCO?^$K:\$;$k$N$K9W8%$7$?$H8@$C$F$bITEv$8$c$J$$$H;W$&!#(B

$B!!?7KG0WM}O@$G$O!"4pK\E*$JO@E@$O<}3OD~A}$,EAE}E*$JHf3SM%0L0J30$K$=$l$rD6$($F@lLgFC2=$HKG0W$N860x$K$J$j!"Hf3SM%0L$,$[$H$s$I$J$$$H$3$m!=!=$?$H$($P;w$?$h$&$J%j%=!<%9$H5;=Q$r;}$D@h?J9qF1;N!=!=$G$bKG0W$r@8$8$5$;$k!"$H$$$&$3$H$@$C$?!#<}3OD~A}$+$i$/$k@lLgFC2=$HKG0W$O!"$$$5$5$+9T$-Ev$?$j$P$C$?$j$@!#$@$l$,2?$r:n$k$+$r@bL@$9$k$K$O!"Nr;KE*$J6vA3$KMj$k$7$+$J$$!#$3$l$O$"$?$j$^$($K;W$($k$1$l$I!"?7KG0WM}O@2H$?$A$,EP>l$9$k$^$G!"$=$l$O/$7$O$"$C$?$1$l$I!"$"$^$j$K$X$s$F$3$G@bF@NO$,$J$+$C$?!#$\$/$K8@$o$;$k$H!"$=$l$O$b$C$Q$i%9%?%$%k$NLdBj$G!"$3$l$K$D$$$F$O8e=R!#$=$7$F$\$/<+?H$N9W8%$O!"CNE*%9%?%$%k$N%P%j%"$rFMGK$7$?$3$H$@$H;W$&!#M}M3$O$I$&$"$l!"(B1980 $BG/0JA0$K$O!"KG0W$K$*$1$k<}3OD~A}$N@x:_E*$JLr3d$O!"7P:Q3X
$B!!7P:QCOM}$NJ,Ln$G$O!"4pK\E*$JO@E@$O7P:QIw7J$O=8@Q$N;vNc$@$i$1$@!"$H$$$&$3$H$@!=!=?M8}$d3hF0$,0l%+=j$K=8Cf$7$F$$$k!#$=$l$O%m%5%s%<%k%9$_$?$$$K2?$b$+$b$,=8Cf$7$F$$$?$j!"%7%j%3%s%P%l!<$_$?$$$KFCDj$N%S%8%M%9$,=8Cf$7$F$$$k$3$H$b$"$k!#$3$&$7$?=8@Q$O!"$=$N>l=j$KFb:_$9$kFCJL$J%j%=!<%9$G$O$[$H$s$I@bL@$,$D$+$J$$!#$=$l$O$`$7$m!"<}3OD~A}$,5!G=$7$F$$$k8+K\$@!#$=$7$F$=$N7A@.$K$*$1$kNr;K$NLr3d$OL@$i$+$@!#(B1850 $BG/0JMh!"%(%j!<1?2O$K$OBg$7$?>&6H8rDL$O$J$$$1$l$I!"$G$b$=$N1?2O$,%K%e!<%h!<%/;T$K0lJbM%0L$rM?$($?$?$a$K!"%K%e!<%h!<%/$OL$$@$K%"%a%j%+:GBg$NET;T$@!#$3$l$^$?EvA3$N$3$H$@!#$G$b=8@Q$N<}3OD~A}$r%b%G%k2=$9$k$N$,0l8+$9$k$HFq$7$$$?$a$K!"$3$NEvA3$N$*OC$O7P:Q$N$B%9%F%#%0%j%C%D(B$B$N?7$7$$7P:Q3X652J=q$O!"(B1,200 $B%Z!<%8$b$"$k$N$KET;T$K$D$$$F$N8@5Z$O$:$P$j$?$C$?0l%+=j!=!=Bh;0@$3&$K$*$1$kET;T$HED
$B!!$\$/$,(B 1990 $BG/0JMh=q$$$F$-$?COM}%b%G%k$O!"$^$9$^$9B?$/$N;Y;}ZE*$J8&5f72$K$D$J$,$C$F$$$k!#$$$^$+$i(B 10$BG/$7$?$i!"?77P:QCOM}3X$O?7KG0WM}O@$HF1$8$/$i$$3NN)$7$?$b$N$K$J$k$HM=B,$7$F$bL5M}$O$J$+$m$&!#$b$7$=$&$J$i!"$\$/$O
$B%9%?%$%k(B

$B!!%m%P!<%H!&(B$B%=%m!<(B$B$O$h$/3X@8$K!"M}O@2H$K$OFsDj$r$*$/I,MW$O$J$$!#$*$b$7$m$$Nc$H$7$F%l%*%s%A%'%U$d%3%C%V!]%@%0%i%95;=Q$r8+$F$d$C$F$b$$$$$1$I!"$G$b$=$&$7$J$-$c$$$1$J$$$o$1$8$c$J$$!#0lJ}!"<}3OD~A}%b%G%k$@$H!"0lHL2=$G$-$k7k2L$O$[$H$s$I$J$$!#(B2$B:b(B2$B9q$N(B1$B@8;:MWAG%b%G%k$G$5$(!"$d$d$3$7$$7k2LJ,N`$NE%>B$K$O$^$j$,$A$@!#$5$F$I$&$7$?$b$s$+!#(B

$B!!$\$/$N2sEz$O!"<(:6E*$JFC5$+$i$O$8$a$h$&!#HsDj$G!":G=i$N$*OC$bD>4Q$K$"$o$;$FJQ$o$k$1$l$I!"$G$b:G=*E*$K$O!"$4$/FC46E*$K6Z$NDL$C$?C1=c$J%b%G%k$,4Q$,$3$s$I$OZE*$J8&5f$N4pHW$K$b$J$k!#$H$O$$$(@5D>8@$C$F!"$\$/$O@N$+$i7WNL7P:Q3X
$B!!$&$^$/$$$/FCl=j$K9T$1$k$h$&$JFCN@-!"O"B3@-$,$"$k$O$:$N$H$3$m$GFsl9g$K$O!";f$H1tI.$G$O$&$^$/$$$+$J$$$H$3$m$G?tCMNc$KMj$C$F$_$?$j!#0l
$B!!$3$N%9%?%$%k$O$b$A$m$s!"$\$/$NFHAO$8$c$J$$!#8EE5E*$JNc$r5s$2$l$P!"@.D9$H5;=QJQ2=$K4X$9$k=i4|$N8&5f!"$?$H$($P(B$B%"%m!<(B$B$N!V$d$C$F$_$F3X$V(B (learning by doing)$B!W%b%G%k$d(B$B%=%m!<(B$B$N8EE5E*$J;qK\%b%G%k$r9M$($F$4$i$s!#$3$&$7$?O@J8$K$O!"$3$N%9%?%$%k$N$"$i$f$kMWAG$,=P$F$$$k!#>o<1E*$J7P83O@$+$i$/$kD>46E*$J$*OC$,!"07$$$r2DG=$K$9$k$?$a$KFCl=j$K$9$k!"$H$$$&L\E*$@!#(B

$B!!$3$N%9%?%$%k$O!"B>$N$3$H$G$b$&$^$/5!G=$7$?!#(B1980 $BG/BeKv$K$d$C$?!"@/:v$+$i$/$k%b%G%k!=!=9q$N:DL3!"%?!<%2%C%H%>!<%s!"KG0W%V%m%C%/!"0YBX%l!<%H!=!=$bF1$8%"%W%m!<%A$r;H$C$F$$$k!#$3$&$$$&O@J8$G$O!"@/:vE*$Je$N%(%l%,%s%9$O!"$\$/$+$i8+$F$bB>$N$+$J$j$N?M$+$i8+$F$b!"6C$/$[$I$&$^$/D4OB$7$F$$$k!#@/:vO@Ah$G$O!"$$$/$D$+%J%s%;%s%9$rGS=|$7$FK\Ev$NLdBj$K.8B$N%b%G%k$3$=$,I,MW$@$C$?$h$&$@!#(B

$B!!$^$?IaDL$N$3$H$P$G7P:Q3X$K$D$$$F=q$/[email protected]$7$?$3$H$,!"$3$N%b%G%k9=C[$N%9%?%$%k$H$b$A$g$C$H4X78$7$F$$$k$H;W$C$F$$$$$+$J!#$H$$$&$N$b!"%b%G%k$O5f6KE*$J??M}$J$s$+$8$c$J$/$F$?$@$N%a%?%U%!!<$@$H$$$&$3$H$rG'$a!"$=$N%a%?%U%!!<$r$J$k$Y$/4JC1$K$9$k$h$&<+J,$r71N}$7$F$-$?$i!"?t3X$r;H$o$J$$%a%?%U%!!<$r8+$D$1$k$N$@$C$F4JC1$+$b$7$l$J$$$b$N!#$"$k$$$OJL$N8@$$J}$r$7$h$&!#$"$kH/A[$rK\J}$NLL$+$i$-$F$$$k!#$3$N%9%?%$%k$O!"FbMFLL$G$b=EMW$J$s$@$1$l$I!"$=$l<+BN$,NO$r;}$C$F$$$F!"<}3OD~A}0J30$N$$$m$s$JJ,Ln$K$b@8;:E*$J=17b$r$+$1$k$N$KLrN)$C$F$-$?!#(B

$BL\

9. $BMW$9$k$K2?$J$N!)(B

$B!!$?$V$s:G=*E*$K$O!"$I$s$J3XM@$7$+5$$K$7$F$M!<$h!"$H8@$C$F$_$s$J$r6C$+$9$3$H$b$G$-$k!#$I$C$A$b40A4$J%&%=$C$F$o$1$8$c$J$$!#$\$/$OZ5r$KH?$7$F$h$$9M$($O$d$,$F1I$(!"$_$s$J$N@83h$,$h$/$J$k$H?.$8$F$k!#0lJ}$G!"$\$/$O6XM_l=j$X$N$4>7BT$OBg4?7^$@!#(B

$B!!$G$bK\Ev$K@5D>$J$H$3$m!"$\$/$,7P:Q3X$B3Z$7$$(B$B$+$i$@!#$K$[$H$s$I2?$b$J$$$[$I$@!#$\$/$?$A$_$s$J!"8"NO$b$[$7$$$7!"@.8y$b$7$?$$!#$G$b:G9b$NJs$$$O!"C1=c$JM}2r$N4?$S$J$s$@!#(B

$BL\

$B%/%k!<%0%^%sK]Lu0lMw(B$B!!(B $B;37A9@@8!!F|K\8l%H%C%W(B

YAMAGATA Hiroo<[email protected]>

$B$\$/$N%-%c%j%">e$N$G$-$4$H(B

$BCf?H(B

$B%9%?%$%k(B

$B$\$/$N%-%c%j%">e$N$G$-$4$H(B

$BCf?H(B

$B%9%?%$%k(B