BY : HARIMAS DICKY PRATAMA (113130162)
Main Rig Components
Main Rig Components
1. POWER SYSTEM
2. HOISTING SYSTEM
3. FLUID CIRCULATING SYSTEM
4. ROTARY SYSTEM
5. WELL CONTROL SYSTEM
6. WELL MONITORING SYSTEM
Main Topics in Drilling
1.
ROTARY DRILLING
2.
DRILLING FLUIDS
3.
DRILLING HYDRAULICS
4.
DRILLING BITS
5.
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
6.
FORMATION AND FRACTURE PRESSURE
7.
CEMENTS
8.
CASING DESIGN
9.
TUBING DESIGN
10.
OTHER TOPICS: UNDER BALANCE DRILLING,
CUTTING TRANSPORT, ETC.
Steps To Drill an Oil/Gas Well
1. Complete or obtain seismic, log, scouting information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed with well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/national authority.
6. Prepare drilling and completion program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8. If necessary, modify program to fit selected contractor equipment.
Steps To Drill an Oil/Gas Well
9.
CONSTRUCT ROAD, LOCATION/PLATFORMS AND OTHER
MARINE EQUIPMENT NECESSARY FOR ACCESS TO SITE.
10. GATHER ALL PERSONNEL CONCERNED FOR MEETING
PRIOR TO COMMENCING DRILLING (PRE-SPUD
MEETING)
11. IF NECESSARY, FURTHER MODIFY PROGRAM.
12. DRILL WELL.
13. MOVE OFF CONTRACTOR IF WORKOVER UNIT IS TO
COMPLETE THE WELL.
14. COMPLETE WELL.
15. INSTALL SURFACE FACILITIES.
16. ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONS WITH CONCERNED
PERSONNEL.
Drilling Rig
A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called boreholes)
in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment
used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas wells, or they can be
small enough to be moved manually by one person.
Rotary table drive: rotation is achieved by turning the kelley at the drill
floor.
Top drive: rotation and circulation is done at the top of the drill string, on
a motor that moves in a track along the derrick.
Drilling Rig
Drilling rig preparing rock blasting
Water well drilling rig
Drilling Rig
Oil drilling rig onshore
Rotary table drive
Oil drilling rig onshore
Top drive
Drilling Rig
Rotary Table drive Drilling
Top Drive Drilling
Drilling Rig
An advantage of a top drive is that it allows the drilling rig to drill
longer sections of a stand of drill pipe. A rotary table type rig can
only drill 30 sections of drill pipe while a top drive can drill 90-feet
drillpipe. Therefore, there are fewer connections of drill pipe and
hence improving time efficiency.
Drilling Rig
While the bit cuts the rock at the bottom of the hole, surface pumps are forcing
drilling fluids down the hole through the inside of the drill pipe and out the bit.
This fluid lubricates and removes cuttings. The fluid (with the cuttings) then flows
out the center of the drill bit and is forced back up the outside of the drill pipe onto
the surface of the ground where it is cleaned of debris and pumped back down the
hole. This is an endless cycle that is maintained as long as the drill bit is turning in
the hole.
In generally, there are four main systems of a rotary drilling process including: Rig
power system, hoisting system, drill string components, and circulating system.
Rig Power System
The power generated by the power system is used principally for five main
operations: (1) rotating, (2) hosting, (3) drilling fluid circulation, (4) rig lighting
system, and (5) hydraulic systems. However, most of the generated power is
consumed by the hoisting and fluid circulation systems. In most cases these two
systems are not used simultaneously, so the same engines can perform both
functions.
Rig power system performance characteristics generally are stated in terms of
output hoursepower, torque, and fuel consumption for various engine speeds. The
following equations perform various design calculations:
Rig Power System
Rig Power System
P shaft power developed by engine, hp
(1)
Qi heat energy consumed by the engine, hp
Et overall power system efficiency
(2)
(3)
angular velocity of the shaft, rad/min;
= 2pN with N is the shaft speed in RPM
T output torque, ft-lbf
Wf volumetric fuel consumption, gal/hour
H heating value of diesel, 19,000 BTU/lbm
d density of diesel, 7.2 lbm/gal
33,000 conversion factor, ft-lbf/min/hp
Rig Power System
Fuel
Type
Density
(lbm/gal)
Heating Value
(Btu/lbm)
diesel
gasoline
butane
methane
7.2
6.6
4.7
---
19,000
20,000
21,000
24,000
Rig Power System
EXAMPLE 1.1. A DIESEL ENGINE GIVES AN OUTPUT TORQUE OF 1740 FT-LBF AT AN
ENGINE SPEED OF 1,200 RPM. IF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE WAS 31.5 GAL/HR,
WHAT IS THE OUTPUT POWER AND OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF THE ENGINE.
SOLUTION:
ANGULAR VELOCITY:
= 2N = 2(1200) = 7,539.84 RAD/MIN
THE POWER OUTPUT:
HEAT ENERGY CONSUMED BY THE ENGINE:
OVERAL EFFICIENCY:
Hoisting System
The function of the hoisting system is to get the necessary equipment in and out of
the hole as rapidly as is economically possible. The principal items of equipment
that are used in the hole are drillstring, casing, and miscellaneous instruments such
as logging and hole deviation instruments. The major components of the hoisting
system are:
(1)the derrick,
(2)the block and tackle system,
(3)the drawworks,
(4)miscellaneous hoisting equipment such as hooks, elevators, and weight
indicator.
Derrick
The function of the derrick is to provide the vertical height required to raise
sections of pipe from or lower them into the hole. Derricks are rated according to
their height and their ability to withstand compressive and wind loads. The greater
the height of the derrick, the longer the section of pipe that can be handled. The
most commonly used drillpipe is between 27-30 feet. To provide working space
below the derrick floor for pressure control valves called blowout preventer, the
derrick usually is elevated above the ground level by placement on a substructure.
Making a Trip
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=5F3STXHZICQ
HTTP://WWW.OSHA.GOV/SLTC/ETOOLS/OILANDGAS/DRILLING/TRIPPINGOUT_
IN.HTML#
Making a Trip
Tripping Out
Tripping In
Setting Slips
Elevators raised
Breaking Out and Setting Back the
Kelly
Tripping In -- Latching Elevators to
Top of Stand
Attaching Elevators to the Elevator
Links
Moving pipe to rotary
Latching Elevators to Pipe
Working on the Monkeyboard
Breaking Out Pipe
Maneuvering Pipe to Racking Area
Pipe is made up
Slips are pulled
Slips are set
Elevators are unlatched
Process repeated for all stands
Pickup kelly and attach to drill string
Break circulation, and
Resume drilling
Making a Connection / Tripping In
Making a
mouse hole
connection
Making a Connection / Tripping In
Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole
Stabbing
the Pipe
Single
Added.
Ready to
Drill
Tripping Out
Put Kelly in
Rathole
Use
Elevators
for
tripping
Tripping Out
Block and Tackle
BLOCK AND TACKLE IS COMPRISED OF THE CROWN BLOCK, THE
TRAVELLING BLOCK, AND THE DRILLING LINE. THE PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF
THE BLOCK AND TACKLE IS TO PROVIDE A MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
WHICH PERMITS EASIER HANDLING OF LARGE LOADS.
Machenical Advantage
THE MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE M OF A BLOCK AND TACKLE IS
DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF THE LOAD SUPPORTED BY THE
TRAVELING BLOCK, W, AND THE LOAD IMPOSED ON THE
DRAWWORKS, FF.
(4)
Pully
A pulley transfers a force along a rope without changing its magnitude. In Figure a, there is a force (tension) on
the rope that is equal to the weight of the object. This force or tension is the same all along the rope. For this
simple pulley system, the force is equal to the weight, as shown in the picture. The mechanical advantage of this
system is 1!.
In the Figure b, the pulley is moveable. As the rope is pulled up, it can also move up. Now the weight is
supported by both the rope end attached to the upper bar and the end held by the person! Each side of the rope
is supporting the weight, so each side carries only half the weight. So the force needed to hold up the pulley in
this example is 1/2 the weight! Now the mechanical advantage of this system is 2.
Pully
Block and Tackle
WITHOUT FRICTION BETWEEN THE BLOCK AND THE TACKLE, THE MECHANICAL
ADVANTAGE IS GIVEN BY
(5)
EQUATION (1.5) TELLS US THE IDEAL MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE IS EQUAL TO THE
NUMBER OF LINES.
FOR FRICTIONLESS BETWEEN THE BLOCK AND TACKLE, THE POWER EFFICIENCY
(6)
IS GIVEN BY
IN GENERAL, THE POWER EFFICIENCY CAN BE CALCULATED
(7)
Block and Tackle
The load applied to the derrick, Fd, is the sum of the hook load, W, the tension in the dead line,
Fs, and the tension in the fast line, Ff:
(8)
The total derrick load is not distributed equally over all four derrick legs. Since the drawworks is
located on one side of the derrick floor, the tension in the fast line is distributed over only two of
the four legs. Also, the dead line affects only the leg to which it is attached. If E > 0.5, the load on
leg A is greatest of all four legs. Since if any leg fails, the entire derrick also fails, it is convenient
to define a maximum equivalent derrick load, Fde, which is equal to four times the maximum leg
load.
Block and Tackle
Maximum equivalent derrick load:
(9)
Drawworks
THE DRAWWORKS IS A COMPLICATED MECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH MANY
FUNCTIONS:
1. TO LIFT DRILL STRING, CASING, OR TUBING STRING, OR TO PULL IN EXCESS OF
THESE STRING LOADS TO FREE STUCK PIPE.
2. PROVIDE THE BRAKING SYSTEMS ON THE HOIST DRUM FOR LOWERING DRILL
STRING, CASING STRING, OR TUBING STRING INTO THE BOREHOLE.
3.
TRANSMIT POWER FROM THE PRIME MOVERS TO THE ROTARY DRIVE
SPROCKET TO DRIVE THE ROTARY TABLE
4.
TRANSMIT POWER TO THE CATHEADS FOR BREAKING OUT AND MAKING UP
DRILL STRING, CASING AND TUBING STRING.
Drawworks
Drawworks
