JHARKHAND RAI UNIVERSITY

RANCHI

LAB MANUAL

ANATOMY - I

BPT I
LIST OF PRACTICAL

ANATOMY- I
(23A101P)

S.NO PRACTICAL
1. Identification and description of all anatomical structures
2. To study anatomy of Bone Markings
3. To identify the muscle and naming of muscle
4. To identify and study structure in the Cubital Fossa
5. To identify Femoral Triangle and its contents
6. To identify Popliteal Fossa and its contents
PRACTICAL 1
Aim: Identification and description of all anatomical structures.
THEORY
Anatomy describes the structure and location of the different components of an organism to
provide a framework for understanding. Human anatomy studies the way that every part of a
human, from molecules to bones, interacts to form a functional whole.
Learning Outcome
At the end of this practical student can able to identify and describe different region of the body
and also able to locate position of the body.
Types of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy: Gross anatomy can be further subdivided into three different fields:
 Surface anatomy (or superficial anatomy) is the study of external anatomical features
without dissection.
 Regional anatomy focuses on specific external and internal regions of the body (such as
the head or chest) and how different systems work together in that region.
 Systemic anatomy focuses on the anatomy of different organ systems, such as the
respiratory or nervous system.

Regional anatomy:Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the

structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen, Head, neck For example, a systemic
anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.

Microscopic Anatomy: Within microscopic anatomy, two topics of study are of great
importance:

 Cytology, the study of the structure and function of cells

 Histology, the study of the organization and details of biological tissues

Anatomical position. In this orientation, the person is considered to be standing upright, with the
arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. The
feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front.

Directional terms: To compare the location of body parts relative to each other, anatomy uses
some universal anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, distal, proximal, medial, lateral, median,
superior, inferior, external, internal, frontal, occipital, rostral, caudal, superficial, deep, central,
peripheral, ipsilateral, contralateral, cranial, and cephalic.
Movement, the human body is capable of many of them. Depending on the type of joint in
question (the synovial joint being the most flexible), there is: flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, protrusion, retrusion, elevation, depression, lateral (external) rotation, medial (internal)
rotation, pronation, supination, circumduction, deviation, opposition, reposition, inversion, and
eversion.

Different plane and direction and position in human body

Basic anatomy and terminology

A list of terms that concern with the anatomy of the human body. It gathers the
Anatomical
terms that pertain to the anatomical regions and specific structures, planes,
terminology
directions and body movements.

Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating slices of inner body structures at
Anatomical planes different levels.
Major planes: median (mid-sagittal), sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (axial).

Anatomical terms used to describe the position and relation between various
Directional terms structures (e.g. anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, proximal, distal, median, medial,
lateral)
Changing the position of a body part around a certain axis and in one of the
Movements
anatomical planes (e.g. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)

Areas of the human body defined by the landmarks provided by evident

structures that are easily palpable or visible.
Anatomical regions
Major regions: head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper extremity, lower
extremity

A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions in the
Human body body.
systems Systems: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, excretory, endocrine,
reproductive, lymphatic , skeletal, and muscular systems

Anatomical regions

The entire human body is divided into regions, an approach called regional anatomy. Each main
area (head, neck, thorax, abdomen, upper, and lower extremities) are divided into several smaller
regions that aid compartmentalization.

Anatomical regions of the human body

Head regions Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, auricular, orbital, infraorbital, buccal,
parotid, zygomatic, nasal, oral, and mental regions

Neck regions Submandibular, submental, carotid, muscular, lesser supraclavicular,

occipital, omoclavicular, suboccipital triangles/regions

Posterior trunk Deltoid, suprascapular, interscapular, scapular, infrascapular, vertebral,

regions lumbrar, sacral, gluteal, and anal regions
Anterior trunk regions Presternal, pectoral, inframammary, hypochondriac, epigastric, lumbar,
(thorax and abdomen) inguinal, umbilical, and pubic regions

Upper limb regions Infraclavicular, clavipectoral, axillary, deltoid, scapular, anterior arm,
posterior arm, anterior forearm, posterior forearm, anterior cubital,
posterior cubital, anterior carpal, posterior carpal, palm of hand, dorsum
of hand

Lower limb regions Femoral, anterior thigh, posterior thigh, anterior knee, posterior knee,
anterior leg region, posterior leg region, calcaneal, retromalleolar, dorsum
of foot, and sole of foot regions

Surface anatomy: The evident and palpable surface features of the body are described. There are
common ones to both males and females, but also gender specific surface markers.

Anatomical region. This consists of the cavities of the human body which house many
vital organs, neurovasculature, and anatomical structures. There are five major body cavities:
cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and vertebral cavities. Many of them are subdivided into
smaller ones. In particular the thoracic cavity, it consists of the pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal
cavities.
Cavities of the human body (anterior view)
PRACTICAL 2
AIM: To study and identify Anatomy of Bone Markings
THEORY
Bone markings are invaluable to the identification of individual bones and bony pieces and aid in
the understanding of functional and evolutionary anatomy. They are used by clinicians and
surgeons, especially orthopedists, radiologists, forensic scientists, detectives, osteologists, and
anatomists. Although the untrained eye may overlook bone markings as contours of the bone,
they are not as simple. Bone markings play an important role in human and animal anatomy and
physiology. The functionality of bone markings ranges from enabling joints to slide past each
other or lock bones in place, providing structural support to muscle and connective tissue, and
providing circumferential stabilization and protection to nerves, vessels, and connective tissue.
Learning Outcome:
At the end of the practical student can identify different shape in bone and based on the structure
its name
Bone Markings
Angles - Sharp bony angulations that may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments but often are
used for precise anatomical description. Examples include the superior, inferior, and acromial
angles of the scapula and the superior, inferior, lateral angles of the occiput.
Body - This usually refers to the largest, most prominent segment of bone. Examples include the
diaphysis or shaft of long bones like the femur and humerus.
Condyle - Refers to a large prominence, which often provides structural support to the overlying
hyaline cartilage. It bears the brunt of the force exerted from the joint. Examples include the knee
joint (hinge joint), formed by the femoral lateral and medial condyles, and the tibial lateral and
medial condyles. Additionally, the occiput has an occipital condyle which articulates with atlas
(C1) and accounts for approximately 25 degrees of cervical flexion and extension.
Crest - A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Crests are often the sites where
connective tissue attaches muscle to bone. The iliac crest is found on the ilium.
Diaphysis - Refers to the main part of the shaft of a long bone. Long bones, including the femur,
humerus, and tibia, all have a shaft.
Epicondyle - A prominence that sits atop of a condyle. The epicondyle attaches muscle and
connective tissue to bone, providing support to this musculoskeletal system. Examples include
the femoral medial and lateral epicondyles and humeral medial and lateral epicondyles.
Epiphysis - The articulating segment of a bone, usually at the bone's proximal and distal poles. It
usually has a larger diameter than the shaft (diaphysis). The epiphysis is critical for bone growth
because it sits adjacent to the physeal line, also known as the growth plate.
Facet - A smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another flat bone or another facet, together
creating a gliding joint. Examples can be seen in the facet joints of the vertebrae, which allow for
flexion and extension of the spine.
Fissure - An open slit in a bone that usually houses nerves and blood vessels. Examples include
superior and inferior orbital fissure.
Foramen - A hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass. Examples include supraorbital
foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen on the cranium.
Fossa - A shallow depression in the bone surface. Here it may receive another articulating bone
or act to support brain structures. Examples include trochlear fossa, posterior, middle, and
anterior cranial fossa.
Groove - A furrow in the bone surface that runs along the length of a vessel or nerve, providing
space to avoid compression by adjacent muscle or external forces. Examples include a radial
groove and the groove for the transverse sinus.
Head - A rounded, prominent extension of bone that forms part of a joint. It is separated from the
shaft of the bone by the neck. The head is usually covered in hyaline cartilage inside a synovial
capsule. It is the main articulating surface with the adjacent bone, forming a "ball-and-socket"
joint.
Margin - The edge of any flat bone. It can be used to define a bone's borders accurately. For
example, the edge of the temporal bone articulating with the occipital bone is called the occipital
margin of the temporal bone. And vice versa, the edge of the occipital bone articulating with the
temporal bone is called the temporal margin of the occipital bone.
Meatus - A tube-like channel that extends within the bone, which may provide passage and
protection to nerves, vessels, and even sound. Examples include external acoustic meatus and
internal auditory meatus.
Neck - The segment between the head and the shaft of a bone. It is often demarcated from the
head by the presence of the physeal line in pediatric patients and the physeal scar (physeal line
remnant) in adults. It is often separated into the surgical neck and anatomical neck. The
anatomical neck, which may represent the old epiphyseal plate, is often demarcated by its
attachment to capsular ligaments. The surgical neck is often more distal and is demarcated by the
site on the neck that is most commonly fractured. For example, in the humerus, the anatomical
neck runs obliquely from the greater tuberosity to just inferior to the humeral head. The surgical
neck runs horizontally and a few centimeters distal to the humeral tuberosities.
Notch - A depression in a bone which often, but not always, provides stabilization to an adjacent
articulating bone. The articulating bone will slide into and out of the notch, guiding the range of
motion of the joint. Examples include the trochlear notch on the ulna, radial notch of the ulna,
suprasternal notch, and the mandibular notch.
Ramus - The curved part of a bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone. Examples
include the superior/inferior pubic ramus and ramus of the mandible.
Sinus - A cavity within any organ or tissue. Examples include paranasal sinuses and dural
venous sinuses.
Spinous Process - A raised, sharp elevation of bone where muscles and connective tissue attach.
It is different than a normal process in that a spinous process is more pronounced.
Trochanter - A large prominence on the side of the bone. Some of the largest muscle groups and
most dense connective tissues attach to the trochanter. The most notable examples are the greater
and lesser trochanters of the femur.
Tuberosity - A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach. Its function is
similar to that of a trochanter. Examples include the tibial tuberosity, deltoid tuberosity, and
ischial tuberosity.
Tubercle - A small, rounded prominence where connective tissues attach. Examples include the
greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus.

Basic Anatomy of bony marking

PRACTICAL 3
Aim: To identify the muscle and naming of muscle
Learning Outcome
At the end of practical student will able to identify different fibres and shape of muscles
Skeletal muscle of Chest:
Pectoralis Major:
The pectoralis muscle is large located in the upper chest.
Direction of muscle fibres (type): triangular, convergent
Name based on: Size and position.

Pectoralis Major muscle orientation

Skeletal muscle of Neck and upper back

Trapezius
It is upper back muscle that extends from occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the
spine
Trapezius muscle orientation

Skeletal muscle of Upper limb

Deltoid:
A muscle in the upper limb located on the uppermost part of the armand the top of the shoulder
Direction of muscle fibres (Type): Multipennate
Name based on: Shape
Deltoid = Triangular

Deltoid muscle orientation

Biceps Brachii:
Located in the upper arm
Name based on number of heads (Biceps = two heads)
Fusiform
Located along the humerus bone (from the front) between the shoulder and the elbow.
Biceps Brachii muscle orientation

Triceps Brachii:
The triceps brachii is the muscle located in the upper arm. Located along the humerus bone
(from the back) between the shoulder and the elbow
Naming due to having three head (tri means three, ceps means head)
Direction of muscle fibres fusiform

Triceps Brachii muscle orientation

Skeletal muscle of Lower limb

Quadriceps Femoris
Quadriceps femoris is a large fleshly muscle group located in the front of the thigh covering the
front and sides of the thigh
Name is based on number of heads (four)
Direction of muscle fibres: Bipennate
Quadriceps Femoris muscle orientation

Hamstring
Group of the muscle at the back of thigh that function to flex and rotate the leg and extended the
thigh
The three muscle are semimembranosus, semitendinous, biceps femoris.

Hamstring muscle orientation

Sartorius
Sartorius is a muscle that crosses the front of the thigh obliquely, assist in rotating the leg to the
cross – legged position.
Locate in the proximal (upper) anterior part of the thigh
It is the longest muscle in the human body
Direction of muscle fibres: Parallel
Sartorius muscle orientation

Calf Muscle
Calf muscle is compose of two muscle (Gastrocnemius and Soleus) in the posterior aspect of leg.
Direction of muscle fibres: Bipennate

Calf muscle orientation

Gluteus
The gluteal muscle are a group of three muscles which make up the buttocks. These are Gluteus
maximus, medius and minimus.

Gluteus muscle orientation

PRACTICAL 4

Aim: To identify and study structure in the cubital fossa

Theory: The cubital fossa is a triangular-shaped depression area over the anterior aspect of the
elbow joint. It conveys several important structures.

Learning Outcome: At the end of the pratical student can able to identify different content of
Cubital fossa and structure in its floor

Borders
The cubital fossa is triangular in shape and consists of three borders, a roof, and a floor:

 Lateral border – medial border of the brachioradialis muscle.

 Medial border – lateral border of the pronator teres muscle.
 Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus.
 Roof – bicipital aponeurosis, fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin.
 Floor – brachialis (proximally) and supinator (distally).

Cubital Fossa Border formation

Contents

The cubital fossa is a area for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm.
Its contents are (lateral to medial):

 Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into
superficial and deep branches.
o It has a motor and sensory function in the posterior forearm and hand.
 Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial
tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck).
o It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the
cubital fossa.
 Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital
fossa.
o The brachial pulse can be felt in the cubital fossa by palpating medial to the
biceps tendon
 Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the
two heads of the pronator teres.
o It has a motor and sensory function in the anterior forearm and hand.

The roof of the cubital fossa also contains several superficial veins. Notably, the median cubital
vein, which connects the basilic and cephalic veins and can be accessed easily – a common site
for venepuncture.

Contents of the cubital fossa

PRACTICAL 5

Aim: To identify femoral triangle and its contents

Theory: The femoral triangle is a wedge-shaped area located within the superomedial aspect of
the anterior thigh. It acts as a conduit for structures entering and leaving the anterior thigh.

Learning Outcome: At the end of the pratical student can able to identify different content of
femoral triangle and structure in its floor

Surface anatomy of the femoral triangle.

Borders
The femoral triangle consists of three borders, a floor and a roof:

 Roof – fascia lata.

 Floor – pectineus, iliopsoas, and adductor longus muscles.
 Superior border – inguinal ligament (a ligament that runs from the anterior superior
iliac spine to the pubic tubercle).
 Lateral border – medial border of the sartorius muscle.
 Medial border – medial border of the adductor longus muscle. The rest of this muscle
forms part of the floor of the triangle.

The inguinal ligament acts as a flexor retinaculum, supporting the contents of the femoral
triangle during flexion at the hip.
Contents
The femoral triangle contains some of the major neurovascular structures of the lower limb. Its
contents (lateral to medial) are:

 Femoral nerve – innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh, and provides sensory
branches for the leg and foot.
 Femoral artery – responsible for the majority of the arterial supply to the lower limb.
 Femoral vein – the great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein within the triangle.
 Femoral canal – contains deep lymph nodes and vessels.
The femoral artery, vein and canal are contained within a fascial compartment – known as
the femoral sheath.

The contents of the femoral triangle.

PRACTICAL 6
Aim: To identify Popliteal fossa and its contents

Theory: The popliteal fossa is a diamond shaped area located on the posterior aspect of the knee.
It is the main path by which vessels and nerves pass from thigh and to leg.

Learning Outcome: At the end of the pratical student can able to identify different content of
Popliteal fossa and structure in its floor

Borders

The popliteal fossa is diamond shaped with four borders. These borders are formed by the
muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and thigh:

 Superomedial – semimembranosus.
 Superolateral – biceps femoris.
 Inferomedial – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
 Inferolateral – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.

The floor of the popliteal fossa is formed by the posterior surface of the knee joint capsule,
popliteus muscle and posterior femur. The roof is made of up two layers: popliteal fascia and
skin. The popliteal fascia is continuous with the fascia lata of the leg.

The borders of the popliteal fossa are formed by the muscles of the thigh and leg
Contents
The popliteal fossa is the main conduit for neurovascular structures entering and leaving the leg.
Its contents are (medial to lateral):

 Popliteal artery
 Popliteal vein
 Tibial nerve
 Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)

The tibial and common fibular nerves are the most superficial of the contents of the popliteal
fossa. They are both branches of the sciatic nerve. The common fibular nerve follows the biceps
femoris tendon, travelling along the lateral margin of the popliteal fossa.

The small saphenous vein pierces the popliteal fascia and passes between the two heads of
gastrocnemius to empty into the popliteal vein.

In the popliteal fossa, the deepest structure is the popliteal artery. It is a continuation of the
femoral artery, and travels into the leg to supply it with blood.

The contents of the popliteal fossa