STD 8
SOCIAL SCIENCE
UNIT 1
INVASION AND RESISTANCE
[Link] that led to the discovery of an eastward sea route from Europe by the
end of the fifteenth century?
• technological advances in European shipbuilding and sailing
• growth in knowledge about geography
• advances made in compass and map making
• travel writings by voyagers provided knowledge about new territories and
their wealth
• the commercial market for Asian products like pepper in Europe
• Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks
[Link] were the first Europeans to reach India by sea?
• The Portuguese
[Link] the the first person from Portugal to reach India by sea?
➢ Vasco da Gama
[Link] the starting point of Vasco da Gama's voyage?
➢ Lisbon
[Link] place where Vasco da Gama arrived?Which year?
➢ Kappad near Kozhikode
➢ In 1498
[Link] the oceans and continents Vasco da Gama traversed?
➢ Atlantic Ocean,Indian Ocean
➢ Europe,Africa,Asia
[Link] led to the conflicts between the Zamorin and the Portuguese?
➢ The Zamorin did not give the Portuguese a monopoly in trade.
[Link] profit generated in this journey encouraged the Portuguese to make
similar commercial trips to [Link]
➢ Vasco da Gama returned home with goods worth sixty times more than
the cost of his [Link] encouraged the Portuguese to make similar
commercial trips to India.
[Link] were the naval chiefs of the Zamorin?
➢ The Kunjali Marakkars
[Link] out and list the impact of Portuguese contact in India in different
areas?
Political field Agriculture sector Knowledge sector Cultural sector
➢ The first ➢ Cashew tree ➢ Printing ➢ Art forms such as
European Fort in (parangi technology Chavittunatakam
India (Fort mavu), papaya, guava was and Margamkali
Manuel), was (perakka) and popularised were popularised
established in Kochi pineápple were ➢ Christian ➢ European style of
➢ The regions of introduced, religious construction was
Kochi, Goa, and education started
Daman and Diu centres were
came under the started
rule of the
Portuguese
➢ Training was
given in war
tactics and
European
weapons
[Link] the Europeans who came to India after the Portuguese were
from? Holland (Netherlands).
➢ They are also known as the Dutch.
[Link] were the major trading centres of the Dutch in India?
➢ Nagapattinam, Bharuch, Ahmedabad and Chinsura
[Link] the war,in which the Dutch lost their supremacy in India?OR
Name the first battle in which a European power lost to an Indian ruler?
➢ Battle of Colachel( Colachel War )
➢ In 1741, Marthandavarma who ruled Travancore clashed with the Dutch
at Colachel
[Link] greatest contribution of the relationship with the Dutch is the work
Hortus [Link]
➢ Information about seven hundred and forty-two medicinal plants of
Kerala is presented in this book.
➢ Hendrik-van Rheed, the Dutch governor was the compiler of this work
➢ Itti Achuthan, an indigenous medical practitioner, helped him in this
composition
➢ Appu Bhat, Ranga Bhat and Vinayaka Bhat also contributed to the
composition
➢ Hortus Malabaricus was the first book to be printed with some
Malayalam words.
➢ This work was translated into Malayalam and English by Dr. K. S.
Manilal.
[Link] short note on Carnatic Wars?
➢ The wars fought between the British and the French for dominance in
South India are known as the Carnatic Wars.
➢ The British Won in this decisive war.
➢ As a result,French dominance was reduced to Pondicherry(Pudhucherry),
Yanam,Karaikal and Mahe.
[Link] a table on the major centres under the control of the Portuguese,
Dutch and French?
Portuguese Dutch French
Kochi Nagapattinam Pondicherry
Goa Chinsurah Karaikal
Daman Ahmedabad Yanam
Diu Bharuch Mahe
[Link] the Company attained dominance in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta and
interfered in the administration of these territories?
➢ The representative of the company, Captain William Hawkins obtained
permission from the then Mughal Emperor Jahangir to set up a factory in
Surat, Gujarat.
➢ The company then started factories in different parts of India.
➢ After gaining dominance in Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai) and
(Kolkata) the Company began to interfere in the administration of these
territories.
[Link] short on Battle of Plassey?
➢ The British established political dominance in India with the Battle of
Plassey in 1757.
➢ The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in this battle by the
forces of the East India Company led by Robert Clive.
➢ The conquest of Bengal helped the British to bring other parts of India
under their control.
➢ Land taxes in agriculturally rich Bengal helped the British build up their
military power and raise money to conquer the rest of the country.
[Link] short on Battle of Buxar
➢ With the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the right to
collect taxes in the provinces of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
➢ With that, the East India Company's administrative presence in India
became stronger.
➢ The British defeated the combined forces of the Mughal ruler Shah Alam
II, the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daulah and the Nawab of Bengal, Mir
Qasim in this battle.
20."Send me two thousand soldiers, I will conquer India"- Robert Clive
Why do he commented like this?
➢ disunity among Indian princely states
➢ military and technological supremacy of the British
[Link] short note on the Anglo-Mysore Wars
➢ fought between the southern princely state of Mysore and the English
East India Company.
➢ The Mysore army was led by Hyder Ali who was the ruler of Mysore and
his son Tipu Sultan.
➢ The Company army and the Mysore Sultans clashed four times.
➢ After Hyder Ali's death in 1782, Tipu Sultan commanded the Mysore
forces.
➢ In the Fourth Mysore War of 1799, Mysore fell when Tipu Sultan was
killed by the Company forces.
[Link] Anglo-Maratha Wars and Anglo-Sikh Wars-short note
➢ fought between the English East India Company and the Maratha
Kingdom.
➢ With the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Maratha territories came under
the British control.
➢ With the defeat of the Sikhs in the Anglo-Sikh Wars between the English
East India Company and the Sikhs, Punjab came under the British rule.
[Link] a flowchart of the main events of the English East India Company's
dominance in India
English East India Company 1600
Dominated Territories Madras - 1639
Bombay - 1662
Calcutta – 1698
Battle of Plassey 1757
Battle of Buxar 1764
Anglo-Mysore Wars 1st:1767 – 1769
2nd:1780 – 1784
3 rd:1790 – 1792
4 th:1799
1 st:1775 – 1782
2 nd:1803 – 1805
3 rd:1817 - 1818
Anglo-Maratha Wars
Anglo-Sikh Wars 1 st:1845 -1846,2nd:1848 - 1849
[Link] were the methods adopted by the British to procure maximum wealth
from the conquered territories of India?
➢ Trade, tax collection and wars.
[Link] a table on the Tax Policies Implemented by the British
Tax Implemented areas Executed persons Features
Permanent Land Bengal Lord Cornwallis ➢ the zamindars who
Revenue Settlement were the landlords
(1793) Bihar collected high taxes
on behalf of the
Orissa British
➢ farmers were required
to pay a fixed amount
as tax regardless of
fluctuations in yield
Ryotwari System South India Thomas Munro ➢ peasants were
(1820) considered as
Deccan Alexander Reed landlords
➢ the British collected
taxes directly from the
farmers
➢ the British seized the
land of farmers who
failed to pay taxes
Mahalwari System North India Holt Mackenzie ➢ the village was treated
(1822) as a unit and tax was
Central India collected
Punjab ➢ the village which
defaulted in tax
payment was annexed
to British India
[Link] the general features of the taxation systems implemented by the
British.
➢ higher tax rate
➢ collected taxes directly from the farmers
➢ seized the land of farmers who failed to pay taxes
➢
[Link] the British tax policies affected farmers of India?
➢ farmers found it difficult to pay the high taxes
➢ even if crops were damaged due to flood or drought, there was no tax
relief
➢ farmers had to rely on moneylenders to avoid losing their farmland
➢ debt-ridden farmers lost their land
[Link] the peasants, the British policies made the lives of artisans also
miserable. Justify
➢ Machine-made products from Britain were imported into India.
➢ Due to the competition with such products, the market for handicraft
products such as cotton-silk-wool clothes, pottery, leather and edible oil
was lost.
➢ This led to the loss of employment for those engaged in handicrafts.
➢ Many were forced to give up their traditional occupations.
[Link] the author of Anandamath Bengali novel?
➢ Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
[Link] the rebellion take place in Bengal is also called the Sannyasi-Fakir
Rebellion?Who led this Rebellion?
➢ The East India Company made no effort to solve the problem of famine in
Bengal.
➢ Hence, the poor peasants and labourers fought against the British and this
revolt was supported by the sannyasies and the Fakirs .
➢ So, this revolt is also called the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion.
➢ Bhavani Pathak and Majnu Shah
[Link] was the most important agrarian revolt against the British colonial
rule?Write the circumstances that led to the revolt?
➢ The Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal
➢ The British planters (indigo planters) forced the farmers to cultivate the
indigo plant (Amari plant) for the factories established in the villages
➢ Indigo produced from the Amari plant could be sold only to the British
➢ The British paid less than the market price for the indigo to the farmers
➢ It led to severe food shortage, exploitation and economic hardship
➢ With the discovery of artificial dyes, the demand for indigo decreased and
poverty increased.
➢ The peasants turned to the path of agitation against the British
[Link] led the Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal?Result of this
rebellion?
➢ Digambar Biswas and Vishnu Biswas
➢ Farmers abandoned their indigo cultivation.
➢ Indigo factories were then attacked.
➢ When the farmers' resistance became strong, planters closed down the
factories
➢ Indigo cultivation almost disappeared from Bengal.
33. Write the reasons for the Santhal Rebellion?Name the leaders?
➢ Santhal are a tribal people who migrated to the Rajmahal hills in Bengal
province in the eighteenth century.
➢ Landlords unjustly extorted, and usurers lent money and snatched their
grain and forest resources in exchange.
➢ All this was done with the support of the British.
➢ The British increase tax revenue.
➢ Sidhu and Kanhu
[Link] Santhal Rebellion became an important chapter in the history of tribal
[Link]
➢ The Santhals launched their struggles against the British in 1855 by
mobilising the tribal people against the injustices they faced.
➢ Sidhu and Kanhu were killed by the British.
➢ Although the rebellion was brutally suppressed,it became an important
chapter in the history of tribal resistance
[Link] out the reasons for Munda Rebellion?Who led this Rebellion?
➢ British colonial exploitation and land grabbing
➢ Financial exploitation by moneylenders and merchants
➢ Birsa Munda
[Link] short note on the results of this Rebellion?
➢ In 1899, the Munda tribe started an armed rebellion against the British.
➢ Many Munda tribesmen were killed in the police firing in Ranchi.
➢ Birsa Munda was imprisoned and died .
➢ The Munda Rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British
[Link] out the tribal rebellions that took place in different parts of India against
the British?
➢ Kurichiya Rebellion, Pahariya Rebellion, Kol Rebellion, Bhil Rebellion
and Khasi Rebellion
[Link] policies of the British also affected the Poligars, the military leaders of
Tamil [Link]
➢ Veerapandya Kattabomman, a poligar of Panchalam Kurichi at
Tirunelveli and Marut Pandya brothers, poligars of Sivagangai played an
important role in the struggle against the British
➢ The poligar was responsible for collecting taxes from the people.
➢ The ruler of Panchalam Kurichi surrendered to the British, but
Kattabomman was not willing to do so.
➢ The British increased the existing taxes.
➢ Kattabomman questioned the tax collection by the British
➢ They fought against the British and died as heroes.
[Link] was the first organised rebellion against the British in India?
➢ The Attingal Revolt of 1721
[Link] Attingal Revolt is significant as the first organised popular uprising
against the British rule in [Link]
➢ The British were constantly trying to create chaos in the Attingal region
by interfering in the pepper trade, in internal affairs, and created
communal hatred among the people.
➢ The British tried to repeat the practice of giving rewards to the ruling
Attingal Rani every new year, in 1721 as well.
➢ But some of the landlords resisted this because they were afraid that it
could cause some kind of danger.
➢ A British contingent of one hundred and forty led by Gifford arrived to
give gifts to the Attingal Rani, despite the opinion that was sufficient to
give gifts only through the landlords.
➢ This move led to a big conflict.
➢ The contingent was attacked and killed by the locals without any
distinction of class, colour, caste and religion.
➢ Moreover, the British fort at Anchuthengu was surrounded and blockaded.
[Link] the woman who took up arms and fought against the British in
Kittur , princely state in Karnataka ?Write the reason for that?
➢ Rani Chennamma
➢ Kittur recognised the supremacy of the Maratha rule.
➢ When the British won the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Kittur area came
under the control of the English East India Company.
➢ The ruler of Kittur was Sivalinga Rudradesai. After his death,
Chennamma, his widow, decided to adopt a boy.
➢ This was prevented by the English East India Company which annexed
Kittur to British India.
➢ Provoked by this, Rani Chennamma of Kittoor declared war against the
British.
➢ Rani Chennamma died in 1829 while in British custody.
[Link] a table by analysing the revolts that took place in India against the
British.
REBELLION PLACE YEAR LEADERS NATURE
SANNYASI-FAKIR Bengal 1773 Bhavani Pathak Peasant Revolt
REBELLION. Majnu Shah
NEELAM PEASANT Bengal. 1859 Digambar Biswas Peasant Revolt
REVOLT Vishnu Biswas
SANTHAL Rajmahal 1855 Sidhu Tribel rebellion
REBELLION hills in Kanhu
Bengal
MUNDA present- 1899 Birsa Munda Tribel Rebellion
REBELLION day
Jharkhand
POLIGARS Tamil 1799 Veerapandya Kattabomman The military leaders
REBELLION Nadu Marut Pandya brothers Rebellion
THE ATTINGAL Attingal 1721 Popular uprising
REVOLT
KITTUR Kittur 1824 Rani Chennamma Movement of Women
REBELLION was a
princely
state in
Karnataka
[Link] the first anti-British struggle in which various sections of the society
took part?Who were they?
➢ 1857 revolt (India's first struggle for independence)
➢ Natives, peasants, artisans, native kings, soldiers, and landlords
[Link] could be the factors that forced these different groups to participate in
the rebellion?
➢ Administrative reforms implemented by the British
➢ Dissatisfaction of the Indian soldiers
➢ Rulers of princely states who had lost their powers
[Link] two Administrative reforms implemented by the British that led to the
1857 revolt?
➢ The Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.
[Link] implemented the Subsidiary Alliance Policy ?Reason Behind this
policy?
➢ Lord Wellesley (British Governor-General)
➢ For the expansion of the British empire in India and to strengthen its
sovereignty.
➢ According to this, the princely states entering into a military alliance with
the British
[Link] princely states entering into a military alliance with the British had to
follow certain [Link] out
➢ The princely state which entered into the Subsidiary Alliance Policy
should keep one unit of the army of the Company permanently within its
kingdom.
➢ All the expense of the Company's troops was to be borne by the allied
king.
➢ The allied king must not enter into alliances with other European
countries without the Company's approval.
➢ No action should be taken by the allied king without consulting the
British Governor-General.
➢ The allied King must provide accommodation for a British Resident in his
country.
➢ If these conditions were violated, the princely states would be annexed by
the British.
[Link] introduced the Doctrine of Laps policy?Provisions of this policy?
➢ Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General
➢ If the ruler of a princely state died without male heirs, there was a
practice of finding a boy from another family
➢ The king's power to adopt was abolished by Lord Dalhousie
➢ In the absence of an heir, the princely state would fall under the control of
the English East India Company.
[Link] the princely state which was annexed to British India on charges of
misrule?
➢ Awadh (Oudh)
[Link] reason for the Revolt of 1857 was the dissatisfaction of the Indian
soldiers of the East India Company with the [Link]
➢ Although they were as capable as the British soldiers, Indian soldiers
were paid less and were provided poor food and accommodation.
➢ The company supplied the new type of Enfield guns to the soldiers.
➢ Its cartridges had a greased paper cover. This cover had to be bitten off to
use the gun.
➢ It was rumoured among the soldiers that this cover was smeared with a
type of grease made from cow and pig fat, which was offensive to their
religious beliefs.
➢ Mangal Pandey, a soldier at Barrackpore, was the first to protest against
this.
[Link] down the results of the1857 revolt?
➢ Many Indians were shot dead.
➢ Many were cannoned to death.
➢ Thousands who were alive were hanged upside down from branches of
trees.
➢ Out of the one and a half-lakh killed in the riots in Oudh alone
➢ One lakh were civilians.
[Link] the positive effect of 1857 revolt?
➢ The unity of different sections of the people of India was able to resist
strongly the brutal oppression of the British.
➢ Even where there were no riots, the insurgents had the support of the
common people.
➢ The real strength of the rebellion was Hindu-Muslim unity.
[Link] a table based on the venue and leaders of 1857 revolt?
VENUE LEADERS FEATURES
Delhi Bahadur Shah II ➢ the rebels declared him the Emperor of India
➢ after the revolution, the British exiled him to
Rangoon
➢ military general of Bahadur Shah II
General Bakht Khan
Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai ➢ ruler of Jhansi
Nana Sahib ➢ ruler of Maratha
Kanpur ➢ Nana Sahib's army chief practised guerilla
Tantia Tope warfare
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal ➢ ruler of Oudh
Ara in Bihar Kunwar Singh ➢ farmer lord of Jagdishpur
[Link] down the limitations of the 1857 rebellion ?
➢ The rebellion was confined to a few parts of northern India
➢ The rebellion had no organised leadership
➢ The Company army had more improvised military and organisational
skills than the mutineers
➢ The middle class in India generally did not support the rebellion
➢ A section of princely rulers abstained from the rebellion
[Link] the revolt of 1857 was suppressed by the British, it had a significant
impact on later Indian [Link] are they?
➢ The English East India Company's rule in India ended
➢ the administration of India came under the direct control of the British
Queen
➢ The position of Governor-General was replaced by Viceroy
➢ It inspired India's later national movements
........................................................
PREPARED BY PRIYA B,HST(SS),CSHSS,THRISSUR
