Phil Lit Notes
embody in themselves the ideals and
WHAT IS LITERATURE?
value of group
● Literary Studies is the study of written
works of the imagination, of which Examples
poetry, drama and narrative fiction 1. Lam-ang
constitute today the most familiar types
or genres. 2. Ibalon
● is any collection of written work, 3. Indarapatra and Sulaynon
but used more narrowly for writings
specifically considered to be an art form, C. ETHOLOGICAL LEGENDS
especially prose, fiction, drama,poetry, ● legends that explain how things
and including both print and digital came to be, why things are as they
writing. are
● as an art form, can also include works in
Examples
various non-fiction genres, such as
biography, diaries, memoir, letters, and 1. Legend of Mayon Volcano
essays. Within its broad definition,
2. Legend of the Tagalogs
literature includes non-fictional books,
articles or other written information on a
particular subject.
D. FOLK TALES
● prose narrative regarded as
● Philippine Literature is literature
1. Animal Tale - using animals as
associated with the Philippines from
characters
prehistory, through its colonial legacies,
and on to the present.
Example
LITERARY FORMS BASED ON PHILIPPINE ☆ Si Pagong at si Matsing
HISTORICAL PERIOD
2. Folk Speech - simplest form of oral
I. ANCIENT LITERATURE/FOLK LITERATURE literature
Example
A. MYTH
☆ Riddles and Proverbs
● a traditional story in prose
concerning details of gods and 3. Folk Songs - verses set into music by
demigods and the creation of the the members
world and its inhabitants
Examples
“Alamat” “katha-katha” “sabi-sabi”
☆ Manang Biday, Dandansoy
II. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH
Examples
PERIOD
1. Visayan Creation Myth
a. Poetry - a rhythmic and expressive form
2. Bagobo Creation Story of literature that evokes emotions and
ideas through language.
B. HEROIC NARRATIVES OF EPIC 1. Ladino Poems - ex. Ladinos
● folk epics that narrate the
2. Metrical Romances - ex. corridos, awit
adventures of tribal heroes which
Phil Lit Notes
b. Prose - non-rhythmic language used in 4. The Moriones - participants dress as
writing and speech. Roman soldiers and reenact the
c. Dramas - a storytelling genre that story of Longinus, a Roman centurion
depicts conflict and emotion through who pierced the side of Jesus Christ.
dialogue and action.
The Religious Dramas:
1. The Panuluyan - a Philippine
Christmas dramatic ritual narrating
the Holy Family's search for a place
to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus
Christ's birth through song
5. The Tibag or Santacruzan - a
religious-historical beauty pageant
and procession held in the Philippines
during the month of May.
2. The Cenaculo - a staged
re-enactment of Christ's passion and
death
6. The Pangangaluluwa - tradition
observed annually on October 31
during All Hallows' Eve.
3. The Salubong - meaning "to welcome”,
this pre-dawn Easter Sunday ritual in
the Philippines reenacts the Risen
Christ meeting. His mother, Mary, as
her black veil is removed. The Secular Dramas:
1. The Karagatan - often performed
during a death vigil, where a
princess's ring is symbolically dropped
into the sea, and whoever retrieves it
wins her hand in marriage.
2. The Duplo - a traditional Filipino
poetic debate presented through song
and dance, originating from
indigenous courtship customs and
evolving into a more formal debate
on issues.
Phil Lit Notes
3. Meter - is the rhythmic pattern of
stressed and unstressed syllables in
poetry.
A. Iambic Meter - a rhythmic pattern
of unstressed-stressed syllables
(da-DUM).
B. Trochaic Meter - a rhythmic pattern
3. The Comedia - Komedya de Capa y in poetry with stressed-unstressed
Espada; theatrical drama with colorful syllables (DA-dum).
costumes and performances, often featuring C. Anapestic Meter - a rhythmic
themes of love, war, religion, and conflict pattern in poetry with two
between Christians and Muslims, usually unstressed syllables followed by a
performed during barangay fiestas. stressed syllable (da-da-DUM).
D. Dactylic Meter - a rhythmic pattern
in poetry with one stressed syllable
- followed by two unstressed
syllables (DA-da-da).
4. Imagery - use of descriptive language
that appeals to the senses
5. Tone - the author's attitude or feeling
III. CONTEMPORARY LITERARY FORMS toward a subject, conveyed through
word choice and style.
A. POETRY
B. SHORT STORY
1. The Poetic Line - or "verse," is a
fundamental unit of poetry, a line of text 1. Plot - is the sequence of events in a
that can be short or long, and its story, including the conflict, climax,
placement and length contribute to the and resolution.
poem's rhythm, meaning, and overall 2. Characterization - is the way an
effect. author develops and portrays a
2. The Sound of Words character’s personality, traits, and
actions.
A. Rhyme - the repetition of syllables, 3. Setting - is the time and place where
typically at the end of a verse line. a story takes place
B. Rhythm - the patterned recurrence 4. Theme - is the central idea or
of sounds, usually based on stressed underlying message of a story.
and unstressed syllables, creating a
beat or flow that enhances the A. Good vs. Evil - the struggle
poem's musicality and impact. between morally right and
C. Alliteration - repetition of usually wrong forces, often
initial consonant sounds in two or represented by heroes and
more neighboring words or syllables villains.
D. Assonance - repetition of vowels B. Life Process - explores the
without repetition of consonants journey of existence, including
E. Onomatopoeia - the naming of a growth, survival, change, and
thing or action by a vocal imitation of the cycle of life and death.
the sound associated with it 5. Point of View - is the perspective
from which a story is told
Phil Lit Notes
A. First Person - the narrator is a - a writer and a poet who was
character in the story, using "I" born at Sanata, Ilocos Sur
or “we”. - has published in the Bannawag
B. First Person-Observer - the magazine 20 novels, 65 short
narrator is NOT the main stories, 50 poems, 170 feature
character but a witness to the articles and essays, translated
events, telling the story from 5 novels from Filipino to
their perspective using "I" or Iloko; he has edited and
"we." co-authored several books.
C. Author-Observer - where the - has published short stories in
author presents the story as an the Liwayway magazine.
objective or detached - wrote the life of Gabriela and
observer, describing events Diego Silang for Balintataw, a
without directly participating in radio program of Cecille
them. Gidote-Alvarez at the DZRH.
D. Omniscient - the narrator
KNOWS all characters' PAMULINAWEN FESTIVAL
thoughts, feelings, and events.
● is a February 10 celebration in Laoag
6. Symbol - an object, person, or event City, Ilocos Norte, honoring St.
that represents a deeper meaning or William the Hermit with street
idea beyond its literal sense.
dances, parades, and Ilocano
7. Conflict - is the struggle between
traditions.
opposing forces in a story, driving the
plot forward.
REGION 1 ILOCOS REGION
PROVINCES CAPITAL
Ilocos Norte Laoag City
Ilocos Sur Vigan MORNING IN NAGREBCAN
La Union San Fernando City SUMMARY
Pangasinan Lingayen ● The story depicts a simple morning in
the rural village of Nagrebcan.
PAMULINAWEN ● It follows Baldo, a young boy, as he
wakes up to the warmth of the
● is a popular old Ilocano folk song morning sun.
possibly from the pre- Spanish era ● He interacts with his younger brother
● it is about a girl with a hardened Ambo, showing both affection and
heart, who does not need her lover’s sibling rivalry.
pleading ● Their father, Tang Ciaco, is a strict
● about courtship and love
and authoritative figure.
● translated as an alabaster
● A conflict arises when Ambo cries
over a dead puppy, leading to a
harsh punishment from their father.
● written by Jose A Bragado
Phil Lit Notes
● Their mother, Nana Elang, is SUMMARY
portrayed as a loving but powerless
figure in the household. ● is an Ilocano epic about a hero with
● The story highlights themes of family extraordinary strength and abilities.
dynamics, rural life, innocence, and ● Before Lam-ang was born, his father
harsh realities. Don Juan went to battle but never
● It emphasizes the contrast between returned.
the beauty of nature and the struggles ● After birth, Lam-ang spoke like an
within the family. adult and vowed to find his father.
● He defeated his father’s killers using
NAMNAMA A NAKELTAY his incredible strength.
● On his journey, he met Ines
● translates as “Naunsyaming
Kannoyan, a beautiful maiden, and
Pag-asa” in Tagalog
● written by Leona Florentino sought to marry her.
- ipinanganak noong 1884 sa ● He performed heroic acts to win her
Ilocos Sur. Tinaguriang “Unang love, including defeating giant
Feministang Makata ng creatures.
Pilipinas”. ● After their marriage, Lam-ang faced a
deadly test—he was swallowed by the
SUMMARY Berkakan, a giant fish.
● With the help of his magical pets, he
● talks about heartbreak and
was brought back to life.
disappointment in love.
● The story highlights bravery, love,
● the speaker feels sad and hopeless
destiny, and supernatural powers.
because their love was not returned.
● This epic reflects Ilocano culture,
● they remember the love and care they
traditions, and beliefs about heroism
once had, but now it is completely
and fate.
gone.
● the speaker wonders if they will ever
REGION 2 CAGAYAN VALLEY
find love again after this painful
experience.
PROVINCES CAPITAL
● shows how painful love can be when
it does not work out and how hard it
Batanes Basco
is to move on.
BIAG NI LAM-ANG Cagayan Tuguegarao City
● written by Pedro Bucaneg Isabela Ilagan
- (March 1592 – c. 1630) was a
Filipino poet Nueva Vizcaya Bayombong
● is considered the "Father of Ilocano Quirino Cabarroguis
literature".
● Blind since birth, he is the believed to
have authored of parts of the Ilocano
epic Biag ni Lam-ang
Phil Lit Notes
THE LEGEND OF MAGAT RIVER ● Many folk doctors failed to cure her,
until a healer from another place
● written by Edward John Ramos arrived.
● the story originated and is set in ● The girl confessed that she caught a
Region 2, specifically in Bayombong, fingerling (baby fish) while bathing,
Nueva Vizcaya where the Magat played with it, and threw it back after
River can be found. it died.
● The healer believed the mermaid was
SUMMARY angered and needed to be appeased.
● As an offering, he brought two white
● Magat was a strong and skilled hunter chickens, rice cooked in coconut
who lived near a river. milk, tobacco, and betel nut chew to
● He met a beautiful woman by the the river at night.
● After the ritual, the girl gradually
river and quickly fell in love.
recovered.
● They got married, but she warned him
never to wake her while she slept. Lesson: The story highlights respect for
● Curious and impatient, Magat broke nature and unseen spirits, as well as the
his promise and woke her up. belief in supernatural beings affecting human
● She disappeared, revealing that she lives.
was a crocodile.
● Filled with grief and regret, Magat SALAWIKAIN
drowned himself in the river.
1. Awan tu umune ta uton na ari umuluk ta
● The river was later named Magat
davvun.
River in his memory.
- Nobody goes up who does not come
Lesson: The story teaches the importance of down.
trust, keeping promises, and accepting
2. I buruasi nga inikkao, nu ari atazzi,
consequences for one's actions.
alawa nikaw.
SECOND VERSION - Borrowed clothes are either too tight
or too loose.
● author: Unknown
3. Mammula ka ta mapia, gataban nu
noka.
SUMMARY
- He who sows goodness, reaps
● The Magat River in Bambang was gratitude.
formed by the merging of four rivers:
4. Awat tu serbi na ru nga kukua, nu
Meet, Abuat, Matunu, and
marake i pinangripangagua.
Nambuhatan.
● A legend from Aritao tells of a - Wealth is useless if character is
mermaid who was often heard worthless.
washing clothes in the river at ● These proverbs show the Cagayanos value
midnight. humility, sense of gratitude, integrity,
● The townspeople feared offending charity, consideration, and love for
the mermaid, so they would leave fellowmen, rich or poor.
their homes to watch her.
● One day, a young girl got sick after
bathing in the river.
Phil Lit Notes
RIDDLES REGION IV-A CALABARZON; REGION IV-B
MIMAROPA
1. Sinni pano tadday nga babay Kanan na
baggi na a manguroray. - Ang Alamat ni Maria Makiling by Dr.
Jose Rizal
- Who can be the lovely lady that eats
- Tsanak sa Nuno ng Punso
her own body? CANDLE
- Ang Alamat ng Batangas
2. Pira y levu na Valauan y unag na - The Bread Salt by N.V.M Gonzales
- What is golden that is surrounded with Region V Bicol Region
silver? EGG
Ibalon
3. Egga lubig ku nga balabaddi Nga
BALTOG
manggafu ta langi
- Kauna-unahang nakarating sa lugar
- I have a tiny silver string which comes
ng Bicol.
from heaven. RAIN
- ipinakilala nya ang Agrikultura sa
pamamagitan ng pagtanim ng linsa o
FINALS:
apay.
REGION III: CENTRAL LUZON REGION
- nakapatay sa isang dambuhalang
JUAN CRISOSTOMO 'Crissot' SOTO baboy-ramo.
- Malaya; english version was translated HANDIONG
by Rosalinda I. Castro
- nagtaguyod ng paggawa ng bangka.
- Pseudonyms: Crissot, Rubi, Natis
- lumaban sa iba't ibang mga halimaw.
- Belen and Vitaliano in his poems, and
- muli nyang ipinakilala ang Agrikultura.
Julio September and Lacan Batbat in
his articles BANTONG
- Born in Santa Ines Bacolor, Pampanga
(January 27, 1867 June 12, 1918) - matapang na mandirigmang
- A poet, playwright and a nakapatay sa halimaw na si Rabut.
newspaperman
ORIOL
- "Father of Pampango Literature"
- Born in Santa Ines Bacolor, Pampanga - ang mapanlinlang na ahas na nag
(January 27, 1867 June 12, 1918) anyong diwata na may malambing na
- From a family of farmers, his mother boses.
Marciana Caballa was a seamstress, - hinahangaan nya si Handiong sa
and his father Santiago Sotto was a taglay nitong katapangan kaya
court employee and was the Head of naman tinulungan nya itong lipulin
Peace Officer in their town. ang masasamang nilalang.
Atin Cu Pung Sing Sing Bicolano Riddles
- Kapampangan folk song 1. Si puti ay sinuldot ni Pula kaya nagkasulu
* SINAPNA *
2. Sa ibabaw kapatagan, sa irarom
kakahuyan
Phil Lit Notes
* POSPORO *
3. Nag-agui si Tarzan, nagbukas an dalan
* SIPER *
4. Harong ni Ada, palibot ni Espada
* PINYA *
5. Totoo kang naibhan, kaiba dawa sain ako
magduman
* TSINELAS *
Bicolano Folk Song
- Sarung Banggi
Famous Legend
- Ang Alamat ng Bulkang Mayon
