Historical Antecedents

in the World
FROM ANCIENT
TIMES TO 600 BC
EGYPTIANS
✣ Some of the earliest records from history indicate that
3,000 years before Christ, the ancient Egyptians already
had reasonably sophisticated medical practices.
✣ IMHOTEP - was renowned for his knowledge of medicine,
on around 2650 B.C. Egyptian medicine was trial and error.
The Egyptian medicine was considered advanced as
compared with other ancient nations because of one of the
early inventions of Egyptian civilization - the papyrus.
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EGYPTIANS
✣ PAPYRUS - is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus
plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile
River.
✣ The invention of this ancient form of paper revolutionized the
way information was transmitted from person to person and
generation to generation.
✣ Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians, and other races wrote on
clay tablets or smooth rocks. (This was a time- consuming
process, and the products were not easy to store or transport.)
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MESOPOTAMIANS
✣ Mesopotamians were making
pottery using the first known
potter's wheel.

✣ Not long after, horse drawn

chariots were being used.

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CHINESE
✣ As early as 1,000 years B.C., the Chinese were using compasses to aid
themselves in their travels.

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The Advent of
Science
(600 BC to 500 AD)
✣ The ancient Greeks were the early thinkers and as
far as historians can tell, they were the first true
scientists.
✣ They collected facts and observations and then
used those observations to explain the natural
world.
✣ Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity becomes
tangible from the 6th century BC in pre- Socratic
philosophy (Thales, Pythagoras).
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✣ In circa 385 BC, Plato founded the Academy. With Plato's
student Aristotle begins the "scientific revolution" of the
Hellenistic period culminating in the 3rd to 2nd centuries
with scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus of
Samos, Hipparchus and Archimedes.
✣ An awareness of the importance of certain scientific
problems, especially those related to the problem of
change and its cause
✣ Recognition of the methodological importance of applying
mathematics to natural phenomena
✣ Undertaking empirical research.
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Islamic Golden
Age
✣ The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic
and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam.
✣ This period is traditionally understood to have begun
during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid
House of Wisdom in Baghdad- inaugurated by Abbasid
caliph Harun al-Rashid.
➢ Scholars from various parts of the world with different
cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and
translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the
Arabic language and subsequently development in various
fields of sciences began. 11
➢ Islamic science was characterized by having practical
purposes as well as the goal of understanding.
✣ There was also great progress in medicine during this period.
✣ Al-Biruni, and Avicenna produced books that contain
descriptions of the preparation of hundred of drugs made
from medicinal plants and chemical compounds.
✣ Islamic doctors describe diseases like smallpox and measles
and challenged classical Greek medical knowledge.
✣ Islamic physicists such as Ibn Al-Haytham, Al- Biruni and
others studied optics and mechanics as well as astronomy
and criticized Aristotle's view of motion.
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Science and Technology in Ancient China
• Ancient China gave the world the Four Great Inventions:
• 1.Compass
• 2.Gunpowder
• 3.Papermaking
• 4.Printing
These were considered as among the most important
technological advances.
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The Renaissance
(1300 AD - 1600AD)
• The 14th century was the beginning of the cultural
movement of the Renaissance, which was considered
by many as the Golden Age of Science.
• The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was
accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,
and the invention of printing democratized learning
and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas.
• Marie Boas Hall- coined the term Scientific
Renaissance to designate the early phase of the
Scientific Revolution, 1450-1630.
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• The 14th century was the beginning of the cultural
movement of the Renaissance, which was considered
by many as the Golden Age of Science.
• The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was
accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,
and the invention of printing democratized learning
and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas.
• Marie Boas Hall- coined the term Scientific
Renaissance to designate the early phase of the
Scientific Revolution, 1450-1630.
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• Peter Dear- argued for a two-phase model of early modern
science: 1.Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries,
focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the
ancients.
• 2.Scientific Revolution of the 17th century when scientists shifted
from recovery to innovation.
• But this initial period is usually seen as one of scientific
backwardness.
• Renaissance philosophy lost much of its rigour as the rules of logic
and deduction were seen as secondary to intuition and emotion.
• At the same time, Renaissance humanism stressed that nature
came to be viewed as an animate spiritual creation that was not
governed by laws or mathematics 17
• The most important technological advance of all in this
period was the development of printing, with movable
metal type, about themid-15th century in Germany.
• Johannes Gutenberg - usually called its inventor, but in
fact many people and many steps were involved.
• Block printing on wood
• Papermaking
• Oil painting
• By 1500, Europe had produced six million books

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The Enlightenment
Period
(1715 A.D. to 1789
A.D.)
• The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason
was characterized by radical reorientation in
science, which emphasized reason over
superstition and science over blind faith.
• The Enlightenment's important 17th-century
precursors included the key natural philosophers of
the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei,
Johannes Kepler and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

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✣ Galileo Galilei

✣ Johannes Kepler

✣ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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• John Locke- "Essay Concerning Human
Understanding" (1689)

• Isaac Newton- "Principia Mathematica"

(1686) Newton's system strongly
encourages the Enlightenment
conception of nature as an orderly
domain governed by strict
mathematical-dynamical laws
• Enlightenment was achieved through
the way human think about nature and
how we know it. 22
Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840)
• The rise of modern science and the Industrial
Revolution were closely connected.
• Science and industry worked side by side to the
development of society.
• Science offered the hope that careful observation and
experimentation might improve industrial production.

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The main features involved in the Industrial
Revolution were technological, socioeconomic,
and cultural.
• TECHNOLOGICAL
1. the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron
and steel,
2. the use of new energy sources, including
both fuels and motive power, such as coal,
the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and
the internal-combustion engine,
3. the invention of new machines, such as the
spinning jenny and the power loom that
permitted increased production with a
smaller expenditure of human energy,

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The main features involved in the Industrial
Revolution were technological, socioeconomic,
and cultural.
• SOCIOECONOMIC
1. a new organization of work known as the factory system, which
entailed increased division of labor and specialization of
function,
2. Mass production of goods.
• CULTURAL
1. important developments in transportation and communication,
including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile,
airplane, telegraph, and radio.
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20th Century Science: Physics and Information
Age
• It generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research.
• Twentieth century cosmology greatly improved our
knowledge of the place that man and his planet occupy in
the universe.
• Albert Einstein- he strongly marked formulation of the
theory of relativity(1905) including the unifying concept of
energy related to mass and the speed of light: E = mc2 .
• He made many more contributions, notably to statistical
mechanics, and he provided a great inspiring influence for
many other physicists. 26
20th Century Science: Physics and Information
Age
•In the second half of the 20th century several
branches of science continued to make great
progress, for example:
1. semi-conductor(transistor)
2. nanotechnology
3. nuclear physics
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20th Century Science: Physics and Information
Age
• BIOLOGY
• Crick and Watson describe the
structure of the DNA (1953)
• Development of genetics
• Cure for many life-threatening
diseases
• Beginning of organ transplants
• TECHNOLOGY
• Robotics 28
Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
• The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of describing the
blurring of boundaries between the physical, digital, and
biological worlds.
• It's a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics,
the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering,
quantum computing, and other technologies.
• The Fourth Industrial Revolution paved the way for
transformative changes in the way we live and radically
disrupting almost every business sector. It's all happening at an
unprecedented, whirlwind pace. 29
Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution

• Artificial intelligence (AI)-

• describes computers that can
"think" like humans — recognizing
complex patterns, processing
information, drawing conclusions,
and making recommendations.

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Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
• Virtual reality (VR)-
• offers immersive digital
experiences (using a VR
headset) that simulate the real
world, while augmented reality
merges the digital and physical
worlds.

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Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
• Biotechnology- harnesses
cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop new
technologies and products for
a range of uses, including
developing new
pharmaceuticals and materials,
and cleaner, more efficient
energy sources.
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Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
• Robotics-
• refers to the design,
manufacture, and use of
robots for personal and
commercial use.

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Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
• 3D printing-
• allows manufacturing businesses
to print their own parts, with less
tooling, at a lower cost, and faster
than via traditional processes.

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Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• describes the idea of everyday
items — from medical wearables
that monitor users' physical
condition to cars and tracking
devices inserted into parcels —
being connected to the internet
and identifiable by other devices.

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