The International Journal of Indian Psychology

ISSN 2348-5396 (Online) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (Print)

Volume 11, Issue 2, April- June, 2023
DIP: 18.01.058.20231102, DOI: 10.25215/1102.058
https://www.ijip.in
Review Paper

The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature

Review

Dr. Darakhshan Parveen1, Shameem Akhtar2*

ABSTRACT
The purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but also to develop the whole
person. Students need more than academic excellence to succeed in life; they also require
social, emotional, and behavioral skills. Guidance and counselling services in schools play a
vital role in ensuring that students receive a holistic education that prepares them for the
challenges of life. This paper examines the role of guidance and counselling in effective
teaching and learning in schools. The objectives of this paper are to: 1- Investigating the
various domains in which school guidance counselors operate. 2- Analyzing the aims of
guidance and counselling in schools. 3- Exploring the role of guidance and counseling in
enhancing students' academic and personal growth. 4- Evaluating effective teaching and
learning practices from a guidance and counseling perspective. 5- Examining the advantages
of the school counseling program for students. This paper is a literature review that examines
previous studies on the role of guidance and counselling services in schools. The review
involved searching various databases, including Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ResearchGate.
The keywords used in the search were "guidance and counselling," "career," "teaching and
learning," "schools," and "academic performance." The study found that guidance and
counselling services in schools help to identify and address the social, emotional, and
behavioral needs of students, thus improving their academic performance. Counselling
services also help students to develop personal and social skills that are essential for their
success in school and beyond. The integration of guidance and counselling services in
schools can help to create a conducive learning environment, promote student well-being and
enhance academic achievement. Guidance and counselling services are crucial in ensuring
that schools provide a holistic education that goes beyond academic excellence. The
integration of guidance and counselling services in schools can help to create a conducive
learning environment, promote student well-being and enhance academic achievement.
Teachers and counsellors need to work together to ensure that students receive the support
they need to succeed in school and beyond.

Keywords: Guidance, Counselling, Teaching, Wellbeing, School

1
Assistant Professor (Department of Psychology), Shibli National College, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Research Scholar (Department of Psychology), Shibli National College, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author
Received: April 17, 2023; Revision Received: April 28, 2023; Accepted: May 03, 2023
© 2023, Darakhshan, P. & Shameem, A.; licensee IJIP. This is an Open Access Research distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any Medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

Guidance and counselling play an essential role in effective teaching and learning in
schools. It provides support and assistance to students, helping them develop their academic,
social, emotional and personal skills, leading to improved academic achievement, personal
development and overall wellbeing.

Guidance and counselling programs help identify and address issues that can affect a
student's learning, such as anxiety, stress, depression, or behavioral problems. It helps
students develop problem-solving skills, decision-making skills, and coping strategies to
manage challenging situations, thereby enhancing their academic performance.

Counsellors also play a vital role in career guidance, helping students identify their
strengths, interests, and career goals, which can help them make informed decisions about
their future. They provide information about different career paths, job requirements, and
employment opportunities, helping students to plan and prepare for their future.

Effective guidance and counselling programs also involve collaboration between teachers,
counsellors, and parents, promoting a supportive and positive learning environment for
students. This collaboration helps identify and address issues early, leading to improved
academic and personal outcomes for students. The role of guidance and counselling in
effective teaching and learning in schools is critical. By providing support, assistance, and
guidance, students can develop their academic, social, emotional, and personal skills,
leading to improved academic achievement and overall wellbeing.

Guidance - Guidance is the help given by one person to another in making choices and
adjustments and in solving problems. Guidance aims at aiding the recipient to grow in his
independence and ability to be responsible for himself. It is a service that is universal - not
confined to the school or the family. It is found in all phases of life - in the home, in
business and industry, in government, in social life, in hospitals and in prisons; indeed, it is
present wherever there are people who need help and wherever there are people who can
help'' (Jones., 1970)).

According to Crow and Crow (1960)," Guidance is not direction. It is not the imposition of
one's point of view upon another. It is not making decisions for an individual which he
should make for himself. It is not carrying the burden of another's life, rather guidance is
assistance made available by personality qualified and trained men or women to an
individual of any age to help him manage his own life activities, develop his own point of
view, make his own decisions and carry out his own burden ".

According to Good, "Guidance is a process of dynamic interpersonal relationships designed

to influence the attitudes and subsequent behavior of a person".

Based on the above definition of guidance, it can be said that: -

• Guidance is help that a person seeks or is given.
• Guidance is provided by professionally qualified and trained person.
• Guidance is given to any person in any field and at any age.
• Guidance respects the dignity, worth, freedom and rights of the individual.
• Guidance helps the individual to understand himself etc.

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

Areas of Guidance -
Guidance was started as a movement for professional and adaptive development of the
individual, but gradually the scope of guidance expanded and guidance became an integral
part of the education system. The main areas of guidance are as follows:
VOCATIONAL
EDUCATIONAL PERSONAL

GUIDANCE
DEVELOPMENTAL HEALTH

AVOCATIONAL

Figure - 01
• Educational Guidance
• Vocational Guidance
• Personal Guidance
• Developmental Guidance
• Avocational Guidance and
• Health Guidance etc.

Counseling has an important place in the field of guidance. A brief introduction of

counselling is following -

Counselling –
According to Gustad, J. W. (1953)," Counselling is a learning oriented process, carried on a
simple, one-to-one social environment, in which the counsellor, professionally competent in
relevant psychological skills and knowledge, seeks to assist the client, by methods
appropriate to the latter's needs and within the context of the total personal program, to learn
how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more clearly perceived, realistically
defined goals to the end that the client may become a happier and more productive member
of society ".

According to Patterson (1954)," Counselling is the process involving interpersonal

relationship between a therapist and one or more clients by which the former employs
psychological methods based on systematic knowledge of the human personality in
attempting to improve the mental health of the latter ".

On the basis of above definitions of Counselling it can be said that -

• Counselling is a continuous process.
• Counselling is an interpersonal relationship between the counsellor client.
• Counselor helps in the counseling process on the basis of training, experience and
psychological facts.
• Counseling work is done in various situations like home, school, hospital, social and
community center, rehabilitation center.
• The nature of counseling is developmental, preventive and curative etc.

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

Scope (Areas) of Counselling -

Following are the different areas of counseling work –

EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
MENTAL HEALTH RESIDENTIAL
CARE CENTRES CARE CENTRES

COUNSELLING

WORKPLACE REHAB FAMILY

CENTRES

Figure - 02
• Rehab Centers
• Mental Health Care Centers
• Residential Care Centers
• Workplace
• Family
• Educational Institutions etc.

Guidance and Counselling in Education - Education is a fundamental aspect of human

life, and the quality of education that an individual receives is critical in shaping their future.
Teachers are the primary facilitators of education in schools, and they play a critical role in
ensuring that students receive quality education. However, teachers face numerous
challenges in their quest to provide quality education to their students. One of the significant
challenges that teachers face is the need to address the diverse needs of their students. The
diverse needs of students require that teachers possess diverse skills, including counseling
and guidance skills. Guidance and counseling are critical components of any education
system. Guidance refers to the provision of information, assistance, and support to
individuals to help them make informed decisions about their lives. Counseling, on the other
hand, refers to the provision of support, guidance, and advice to individuals to help them
deal with personal, social, or psychological problems. In schools, guidance and counseling
play a crucial role in helping students to overcome personal, social, and academic challenges
that may hinder their academic progress.

One of the primary roles of guidance and counseling in effective teaching and learning in
schools is to help students develop self-awareness and self-confidence. Self-awareness and
self-confidence are essential qualities that enable students to take charge of their lives and
make informed decisions. Students who lack self-awareness and self-confidence tend to
struggle with their studies and may exhibit disruptive behavior in the classroom. Guidance
and counseling help students to develop a positive self-image and instill in them the
confidence to pursue their academic goals.

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

Another critical role of guidance and counseling in effective teaching and learning in
schools is to promote the holistic development of students. Holistic development refers to
the development of an individual in all aspects of their lives, including social, emotional,
cognitive, and physical aspects. Guidance and counseling help students to develop healthy
relationships with their peers, teachers, and other members of the school community. They
also help students to develop emotional resilience, which is critical in dealing with stress,
anxiety, and other emotional challenges that may affect their academic performance.

Guidance and counseling also play a crucial role in addressing academic challenges that
students may face. Academic challenges may include difficulties in understanding academic
concepts, poor study habits, and low motivation. Guidance and counseling help students to
identify the root causes of their academic challenges and provide them with the necessary
support to overcome these challenges. This may include providing students with study skills,
organizing tutorial sessions, and providing them with individualized attention. Guidance
and counseling also play a critical role in promoting a positive school environment. A
positive school environment is essential in fostering student learning and academic success.
Guidance and counseling help students to develop a sense of belonging and connectedness
to their school community. This, in turn, promotes positive behavior, reduces absenteeism
and promotes academic achievement.

Objectives
The objectives of this paper are to:
• Investigating the various domains in which school guidance counselors operate.
• Analyzing the aims of guidance and counselling in schools.
• Exploring the role of guidance and counseling in enhancing students' academic and
personal growth.
• Evaluating effective teaching and learning practices from a guidance and counseling
perspective.
• Examining the advantages of the school counseling program for students.

METHODOLOGY
This paper is a literature review that examines previous studies on the role of guidance and
counselling services in schools. The review involved searching various databases, including
Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ResearchGate. The keywords used in the search were
"guidance and counselling," "career," "teaching and learning," "schools," and "academic
performance.
S
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the field of guidance and counseling, these terms carry distinct connotations. "Guidance"
typically refers to the holistic development of students, whereas "counseling" is often
focused on resolving specific problems. In other words, guidance aims to be proactive and
supportive of growth, while counseling is typically reactive and remedial (Lai-Yeung, 2014).
The global trend in this field has shifted from a casework and problem-solving approach to a
preventative and developmental approach to providing guidance and counseling services
(Gysbers & Henderson, 1994; Yuen, 2002; Lai-Yeung, 2014). As such, guidance and
counseling are essential therapies for school-aged children.

According to O'Concubhair (1981), guidance in schools refers to the specific measures taken
by educational institutions to assist students in realizing their full potential and preparing for

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

adult and professional life. Akinade (2012) defines guidance and counselling as a process
that helps individuals gain a complete understanding of themselves, including how they
respond to environmental influences. This process further aids individuals in identifying
personal significance in their behavior and in creating and organizing a set of objectives and
principles for future behavior.

Counseling is a process that involves various techniques aimed at assisting individuals in

finding solutions to their problems. It is a personalized learning experience that is
emotionally involved, focusing on the affective realm of an individual's emotions, feelings,
values, and attitudes. The counseling process involves an interactive relationship between
two or more individuals, with the client and counselor building a relationship of trust. These
concepts have been discussed by various authors, including Geshinde (1991), Adebowale
(2012), and Oviogbodu (2015).

Counseling can be defined as a form of learning where a trained professional assists

individual in gaining insight into themselves and their surroundings, thereby empowering
them to make appropriate choices that facilitate personal growth and development, as well as
educational, vocational, and socio-personal advancement (Egbo, 2013). Essentially,
counseling is a transformative process that facilitates individuals' learning and growth, both
inside and outside the academic setting.

Counselling is an interpersonal process where an individual is aided by another to enhance

their understanding and problem-solving abilities. This process may involve a group of
individuals as well. It is crucial to emphasize the advantages of guidance and counseling for
students in the school program.
1- The various domains in which school guidance counselors operate: School
Counsellor Responsibilities -

In 1981, the Cork branch of the Institute of Guidance Counsellors created a job description
outlining the responsibilities of school guidance counsellors. This job description included
the following areas of work:
• Providing individual counselling sessions and offering vocational guidance through
group education.
• Assisting students who are experiencing personal problems, such as social or
emotional issues.
• Helping students with personal development.
• Providing advice on study techniques.
• Providing guidance on job applications and interviews.
• Conducting psychological testing and other forms of testing, if required.
• Referring students to other relevant agencies, if necessary.
• Coordinating a school-wide system of pastoral care.
• Compiling and making available occupational information to students.
• Adapting counselling activities to meet the needs of the school, while enjoying
freedom and flexibility in their organization.

Additionally, the report identified four primary areas of work for school counsellors:
individual counselling, group guidance, occupational information, and psychological testing.
(I.G.C. Journal, Spring 1981)

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

2-Aims of Guidance and Counselling in Schools -

The primary objectives of guidance and counseling services in schools are to support
students in meeting their fundamental physiological requirements, gaining self-awareness,
establishing relationships with peers, maintaining a balance between permissiveness and
regulation within the school environment, achieving success, and acquiring opportunities for
independence (Heyden, 2011). As a result, the purpose of guidance and counseling services
emphasizes and enhances educational programs. Some specific aims of the school guidance
and counseling program include the following (Gibson, 2009 as cited in Lunenburg, 2010):
I- To assist children with developmental challenges- Even pupils who have selected a
suitable educational course of study may encounter obstacles that necessitate assistance.
Occasionally, a teacher may need to devote between 20% to 33% of their time to a few
students who require extensive support, which deprives the remainder of the class of the
instructor's undivided attention to their needs. By aiding these young individuals in resolving
their difficulties, the counsellor enables the classroom teacher to utilize their time more
effectively
II- To ensure that students can fully realize their potential- The school aims to facilitate the
fulfillment of students' potential by providing a diverse range of academic and
extracurricular options. One of the fundamental objectives of education is to aid students in
recognizing and cultivating their abilities. The counselor's responsibility is to aid students in
allocating their efforts among the numerous learning opportunities accessible to them. Each
student necessitates guidance in developing their primary course of study and extracurricular
plan.
III- To assist teachers with technical support- Many teacher training institutions lack
comprehensive instruction in the technical aspects of guidance work. Consequently, most
schools require support for crucial guidance and counselling functions within their
educational programs. Specifically, guidance counsellors are equipped to aid teachers in
tasks such as test selection, administration, and interpretation, choosing and utilizing
different records, suggesting counselling techniques for teachers to implement with their
students, and leading professional development sessions on guidance functions.
IV- To facilitate the coordination and adaptation between students and the educational
institution- The task of guidance involves creating and sustaining a collaborative bond
between the school and the students. It is important for both teachers/counselors and
students to be aware of each other's needs. Students also have a responsibility to contribute
to the school by utilizing its resources and striving for achievements. This collaboration
between students and the school can be improved by suggesting ways to enhance the
programs, conducting research to improve education, providing counseling for student
adjustment, and promoting positive attitudes between the school and home.

3- Role of guidance and counseling in enhancing students' academic and personal

growth-
The primary aim of guidance and counselling programs is to facilitate the optimal
development and self-realization of human potential for the benefit of both individuals and
society. Makinde (1984) notes that school counsellors play a crucial role in this process by
supporting the development of students. This idea is supported by Bennars (1994), Mutie
and Ndambuki (2000), and Ndirangu (2007), who argue that these programs are designed to
foster intellectual abilities, cultivate a balanced personality, and help students become well-
rounded individuals intellectually, spiritually, morally, and socially. The goal of guidance
and counselling programs is to assist students in aligning their abilities, interests, and values
to enable them to fully realize their potential. Through self-knowledge, students can
formulate life goals and plans that are achievable and realistic.
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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

In schools, it is essential for students to make informed choices regarding their subjects and
careers after completing their four-year university education or six-year education program
in primary and secondary schools, as per the Nigerian education system. Borrow (1983)
asserts that the guidance and counselling program must provide students with the necessary
information about the available courses and the qualifications required for each one. Such
information can help students develop a realistic self-concept based on their academic
capabilities.

During the adolescent stage, which is when most secondary school students are in, they
often experience feelings of alienation. This syndrome can include distrust, anxiety,
pessimism, egocentrism, meaninglessness, normlessness, and powerlessness, according to
Robert and Elizabeth (1983). To help these students better understand their developmental
stage and adjust to school life, guidance and counselling services are often necessary.
Additionally, these services can assist students in choosing and pursuing achievable career
paths.

Career choice can be particularly challenging in today's complex and dynamic world, as
noted by Borrow (1983). With constant changes in technology, society, and culture, it can be
difficult to determine the best path to follow. Guidance and counselling programs can help
students navigate this uncertainty by providing information about various career options,
including required qualifications, responsibilities, and the nature of the work. By doing so,
students can make informed decisions and develop clear occupational goals.

4- Effective teaching and learning practices from a guidance and counseling

perspective-
Teaching is a fundamental aspect of education, with the ultimate goal of positively
impacting individuals' lives. In the field of guidance and counseling, counselors listen to
children's problems, identify the issues at hand, and provide appropriate advice and ongoing
support to help them overcome their challenges.

An important factor in teacher effectiveness is the use of instructional resources, which can
help them master the necessary subject matter knowledge and improve their teaching skills.
Retaining experienced and efficient teachers is crucial for the success of organizations such
as schools. Research conducted by Hammon (2006) has identified factors such as subject
matter knowledge and teaching capability as key contributors to teaching effectiveness.

Effective teachers not only strive to enhance students' academic achievement but also equip
them with essential life skills. They are adept at applying strategies that promote holistic
learning and support learners in coping with various challenges (Goodstein, Nolan, &
Pfeiffer, 2006).

According to Abolade (2000) as cited in Egbo (2013), teaching refers to a set of activities
designed to produce changes in the behavior of learners. Popham (2010) defines teaching as
the act of explaining, demonstrating, guiding, and counseling by the teacher to effect change
in the learner. Okoye (2010) states that the primary goal of teaching is to assist individuals
in acquiring or altering skills, attitudes, knowledge, ideas, or appreciation, ultimately
resulting in desirable changes in the learners. She also notes that teaching is considered
effective only when learners have accomplished the set behavioral objectives. Nnabuike
(2012) suggests that a teacher is also a learner since learning is a continuous process.

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

According to Okoye (2010), learning is the mental process of acquiring, retaining, and
utilizing knowledge, skills, attitudes, ideas, and virtues, resulting in progressive changes in
behavior and conduct. Oketch (2012) defines learning as the acquisition of new behavior or
a change in behavior, including the acquisition of knowledge, information, skills, and
cultures, which ultimately leads to changes in thought, patterns, and feelings. Learning also
involves cognitive processes, especially mental reasoning, and is intimately connected with
teaching, as one cannot occur without the other. Nnabuike (2012) suggests that the role of
the teacher is to facilitate learning by deliberately and consciously manipulating information,
knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, and habits in order to effect desirable changes in the
character of the learner. In summary, effective teaching cannot be said to have taken place
unless learning has occurred. The implications for guidance and counseling suggest that
teachers should observe their students both during and after class, and evaluate their level of
understanding and assimilation. If a student requires counseling, the teacher may choose to
invite a counselor for a general class discussion or refer a specific student to the counselor
for guidance sessions.

5- Advantages of the school guidance and counseling program for students -

Here are some benefits of counseling to students in schools:
• Emotional Support- School counseling programs provide emotional support to
students who may be dealing with a range of issues such as anxiety, depression, or
stress. A counselor can help students understand and manage their emotions, and
develop coping strategies for challenging situations.
• Academic Success- A school counselor can help students improve their academic
performance by identifying areas where they need extra help and providing resources
to support them. This may include tutoring, study skills, time management, and
organizational strategies.
• Career Development- School counselors can help students explore their interests
and strengths, and provide guidance on career options and educational pathways that
align with their goals. They can also provide information about vocational training
programs, internships, and other opportunities that can help students gain valuable
experience.
• Social Skills- School counseling programs can help students develop social skills
and improve their relationships with peers and adults. Counselors can provide
guidance on communication skills, conflict resolution, and teamwork, helping
students build positive and healthy relationships.
• Personal Growth- Through counseling sessions, students can develop self-
awareness, build self-esteem, and learn to set and achieve personal goals. School
counselors can also provide guidance on decision-making, problem-solving, and
resilience, helping students develop the skills they need to navigate the challenges of
life.
• Counseling helps prepare students to face the challenges of the 21st century,
including academic, career, and personal/social development.
• By connecting educational programs to future success, counseling can help students
see the relevance of their studies.
• Career exploration and development are facilitated through counseling services.
• Counseling helps students develop important skills such as decision-making and
problem-solving.
• Students can acquire knowledge of themselves and others through counseling.
• Personal development is enhanced through counseling services.

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The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review

• Counseling can assist students in developing effective interpersonal relationship

skills.

On the basis of above literature and facts the current study found that guidance and
counselling services in schools help to identify and address the social, emotional, and
behavioral needs of students, thus improving their academic performance. Counselling
services also help students to develop personal and social skills that are essential for their
success in school and beyond. The integration of guidance and counselling services in
schools can help to create a conducive learning environment, promote student well-being
and enhance academic achievement.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, guidance and counselling are essential in helping students make informed
decisions about their lives and future ambitions. The role of a counsellor in building the
confidence of a student cannot be overstated, as it allows for a healthy relationship that
promotes trust and the sharing of vital information. Furthermore, counselling is not only
necessary for Childrens/students in school environment but also for adults who may be
facing difficult situations in their personal or professional lives. It is important to understand
that seeking guidance and counselling is a sign of strength, and not a weakness. With the
right guidance, individuals can overcome challenges and achieve their desired goals.

Additionally, guidance and counselling play a crucial role in promoting the mental and
emotional well-being of children/students in schools. Counsellors can help students identify
and manage their emotions, cope with stress and anxiety, and build healthy relationships
with their peers, teachers and family members. By providing a safe and non-judgmental
space for students to express themselves, counsellors can empower them to navigate the
challenges of life and develop the resilience and coping skills necessary for a successful and
fulfilling future. Overall, guidance and counselling are valuable tools in promoting the
holistic development of students at school, family level and empowering them to become
confident, responsible, and well-adjusted members of society.

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Acknowledgement
The author(s) appreciates all those who participated in the study and helped to facilitate the
research process.

Conflict of Interest
The author(s) declared no conflict of interest.

How to cite this article: Darakhshan, P. & Shameem, A. (2023). The Role of Guidance and
Counselling in Schools: A Literature Review. International Journal of Indian Psychology,
11(2), 558-568. DIP:18.01.058.20231102, DOI:10.25215/1102.058

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