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AD NUMBER
AD311102
CLASSIFICATION CHANGES

TO: unclassified

FROM: confidential

LIMITATION CHANGES
TO:
Approved for public release, distribution
unlimited

FROM:
Distribution: Further dissemination only
as directed by Air Force Air Materiel
Command, HQ, Attn: Technical Intelligence
Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH
45433, FEB 1949, or higher DoD authority.

AUTHORITY
ftd/afsc ltr 30 jan 1967; usaf ltr 13 aug
1975

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER
AD311102

CLASSIFICATION CHANGES
TO

confidential

FROM

secret

AUTHORITY

28 feb 1961, DoDD 5200 gp-3

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

111
UNCLASSIFIED
I D
A 1-02-e
II
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER
FOR

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

CAMERON STATION ALEXANDRIA. VIRGIHIA
CLASSIFICATION CHANGED
TO UNCLASSIFIED
FROM CONFIDENTIAL
PER- AUTHORITY LISTED IN
I BcaZ no_ 67-9 1Xz
Ma 9l67

UNCLASSIFIED
DISCLAIMER NOTICE
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THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY
FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINED
A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF
PAGES WHICH DO NOT
REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.
WITI ib gve=.t or vtber [Link], speci-
tcatic-cs or ote ao are used fthr arTpne
othier t:a=I= oc='I With a der1miteiy relted
goTermet ;r=xm: cpuxtic the U. S.
Grez t the--vI no respomshili~ty mr ae7
hameea,
cbtp-"m e-th -ct:at he GL-e -

SLrpPlied th smid seciflcatic=i, or other

data is mt to b-earded by inpli~catc~ or other-
vise as In azy c~d
[Link] the bolder or any
other Pers or C -oriiz say ri te
or pe==Issidc to 3mmt= e use or sell ezzy
patented- inT!:-i= tht uyin any va be related-
thereto.
INm
RH~r2-nc

A ERSR I ATRE OMN

WRG TP T ERS0NA
C-D
D YT ,0
N;T , 1
-L

;i L r
NOTE
W%7:tndrawing. spec-1catxnt& and other data ;rritaxed by the
War P-n t'.e.t are for. ;,ed to -a. fatur-r,s ax. otbe-r for-
in the [Link]:e or pordtal.e of supplem or for &nyoLher par-
teGorernment arsumes, no rrsiabiitv nor obligation
[Link]'-er. ard the furnshinz of said data by :he War Department
is not to be n-garded by imp5caton or o l-ter e. or in any maner
:iceo,-g the ko der. or coe-eyig aly [Link] or -er--m to
mtanufacture. use. or ellI arT patented inc-ntio.o that may in any
%ay-e relat'1A thereto-

Te infor-uaton furnished
1 -- [Link] Li =de arailaUe for stody
upon t.e uixlerstanding t .at the [Link] proprietary :nterests
in ard -lat:ng thereto shail rot be ft
[Link].r-d.
:s desired that the
Patent & [Link] Sectlon. Ouiic of the Judge A&sornte. Air
Mater-ei Command. Wright F'ied. Dayto. Onio. be promptly noti-
.ed of an, apparent conflict
--
between the Government's prvorietary
intere ts and those of ot

Esp-es. Act
Nolice: This do-ument contais information affed-,m the
natlooal defense of the United States althis the rnanmg the
E-spiorage Act (U S. C 50 31, 32) The t nmisson of this docu-
ment or the reseiation of its rontents m any manner Lo an no
authonzed person is prohibited by !aw (AR 3t80-5, paragraph 17 b )

-The abose E,,pionage Notice ms-ibe disrearded uness this

doc-.,'ent is plainiy marked witn a emcrtr clasification an
Rcr-ctei.- -Confidential.- -Secret. or Trop, Secret-

The U S Gover',ment ;s ab.~,'ed from any litigation which

mao ens from the contractor's ;nfrnnag on the foreign patent
[Link] which may oe invoived.
Ca

3-M
cb'-:ts;. ~ Lt*-~l ~ I~- n
-ha -Sr h.7~,

-.. I-. -

a- :m!tarM _1 t~1s . . is ;::331-

-yic S
?!rli :ts is =-wr d u.i----w :ypa ! 0'-:- byarft A1e:o
-- !td f' in L er-- -d a
?:.Olezt "S!.=' W23I~:a, by th.e :sc1Il z :ii.-1

22 Juns-y 1945, une auhor!: of q letter- r:-c tre >reu:v

cnIeI ei Staff, xlter-I.l. [Link] leter It C,/i,
USA?, 33 Dece~bar -1947, subject 'Fling D:11ks."
Assstaitt in qais:Inz the rep::-te observatIcns !-as zee-
ZZ07'ied b. o!tr XvI1s-lns of Kr: Materiel Conand, In so-danze
ary 1949, sublject: "Proit=- Sl - Evaluaticn or r1=cIt1e
.-- *.sg bl-:s .-

Analys3!s of' the reporced !ctdn..s. as an effor-t to IdentIfy

attr-zhjs-Ial ;henozena, is beinz atco~pished by Chia Stitt-
UIl-rslt-y xmler zcntract w~th Al:r Mter~el Connand.
A spacial s~u-y has been lniliattdtnthe Ran! ?rolect In
aczo:-ianze vith A!: ZCrD3 Lette:- NO. SO-10 dt
1Jl 99t
Dresent info:-cstion :hat wCull s--v, to e7aiustm the rercte zo5si-
bllythat sore of' ZKe ohser~ed objects =sy be space sll;ts or
satalllqte vehicles.
Me::bers of' the S-clentifc Anavisory Bcq'd, :o the ChISe' of
Staffi, UZFF hsvec also 3upolle! their- se:-vices '.n a sonsultin-
This rf-ori !a wittnto:--n b st4t.. C! C.k!!

1: is non xet- that :his r-ct S. zs-n q I~s- s

Zhd at- !3~ Stil: "1'!I 3t:±I!,± SY 2=-Z.

:osslbl- i C 3c=-c
c:- z -
[Link]- rt-ort Will zXSt s-t sts-_ of~
th- staff' o-rn's
tos!~1ini .a !-I ,ah~ ~~ a:.-,
hI~-: :ns..dto ct-3 **:o q1 to ass-sS th-
o~ss~lI:~ e a :-~to n-it!~s s !yp--~d

31.7ht ~
orl..,O'_-3 ~ jJI'

III, 1
: f..wc.... t.. -t

nisrt!- C a3-iC oot -r:r

i
0 :.. tlt' t- ""l :n..3t!!nhss s -nat

I& o-zk 11S or t---.a b- oti±n '5i-o s

Th,
a'- o:a!ne d in Ivel-': so" stdi!n r-lI tton to

o,,*-r: atmcqoh -r!io aO-2:. OIloon :rr Isnbns

nd =!I-

ShCO:,t!ons. -o ~3Ib±5
zzs~ txo! inaticns fzr s~nrs

Baa-d on oh s : hat oolcjf,ts ar- orll ni;en-

- = -Ia::20-.c.l-.C a of ftioZosf: a S~n!O aads
11 -ale Of 3c-!- c): :h- -otsto det-onc tb- acdnatlo-, pro-
r'ulsion, an! zontrolte7J' that zc-.l! -- fdor the cb12ect
to p-r "em, as dsrhi n the r-Drcrts. Mh3 obj-ZtS 2!zhtti ha3Ve

1no. 'i so~er'iln

IOWsIot~n arxflc..n.

2. Tom-lo Or o!.taR hood [Link] NVob no 17!.1.S or,

3---.--.- '- Oallcn-shap-I

4. Balls e"' t

The '!st t;hree r- -ata~le o.- C

i'00 ty [Link]
or a-r33sat! -anl Inz -an '- Preyril:- InScet-1 ibY cethods
soenattStsl lai1rrrs. 'bcurl 3sor-ars to ay no
cC"rc'
:hY3!al a toe o-I b'.t Ob!n * e"' 3'n4or,
= -.,3 n: 0ba
b--n 3--n by t-h- srr

Aos-ol-at-l y tb- !o.-f I-o-!'r

o-'-c-ta' -- Tnt
"-I tS
C3to-icCamtCOCSt. &aE±' C' pl5cr-
nel i33!:n:! SO ?r ,'J'S 15 '31: -pc
'bst a at-t yc o t*-- ln-:!dnts. != oA0 rlZI,-&> 0 at-
:oah-r:
s':nn; eilonsaI orv':L: s oc'a"r an 5uva-
2-nt zn--r:. 7-roy!st:"- by an asr-hi:titho
"v-st'ra:
Sta, ty ps:eo~t "th- A-r-Y-ifCLaoatr

r. rc0"--- p--!-a tvb rU 02 : sntr

-11~t .V -J lai

=-.:
ansv f t-: .±s: y :m--
soar sciar i3~~~
cs'1! a Sct

cr [Link]'-
3.:: enz1 2f 3=51- ~ :-zca-! !'
oblbcts
o:.'-::s .s a hl;.±1y

i:r, pu -. I- !:, 1041 byn-- - cec, sl.-ir

Y~-k
ar- 1e---b.-as3 a~~ urn;, Zast
4a~ -
t-ICnor a ::z~s,
I:it-: Z.-c. C~j-:- - -:nc, w2. -

PS0 n~n-x3z 2' Is ton

-! cbta'n -s.
,4'--s
a and-~c=--n- :"in -:!s i ~asat-

obs-v-r-, vtFL--ss C.' ts":Pt!:r c:' onO--0gr'ihz, ll:rzzars-

iA--R, tit pr-v-nts "' -n s5ci bt!-n.z drawn. FxD~n!!ton!1,
o.s-- 0'1 r~ inlitt r-v-a1-. :*n !--- C" '101
rd

t:t nvs ttry aSS OZ1st-Z:i f1b :h-S- '.-*

'aluitlon ol* r-port;s o"' bcs !n~:"-
a n-c-3ary
!n-ltbl,,and 'xnd~r qr-cor-!t~crs :-ap1z! and :onr so1,
z1ons of such cae~,rrint:-s ar- n issary to =a~ntin zoril
o"
ad:Ivl11ixn :so [Link] t! -3-! t !t 1s:rsd-3
tilt
":,--r c!% p;oo nr- -rain1n: a' p-r.3cnntlI
In1 !t2-11 wo-th th- -r"%rt -[Link] or. ti'As pr*ol.::.

71.
'-~~:i :-'s: to sa-i: t' r -va at ht

C, !n!:- :S sro-o ats to -- se slov2ln CcA

r-: crts±t- tsbz t. t 0: tn- ct a"~..th, n tcr.e :h s!7,

C,~~'3z otsq satu Oto~ e r~b~ the by ~

lo:- ~~ ~
fatul ~riiei.n.~ c th-- 3u izt aco-rit i

rso:,:~~~
phy3zal-7!lr-t rmdtr , sn daa ons~z in sh/.-

~ ~ ~ ~ ~q!t-,eo ________oi-c
C:r!-nS-±- Sb?-5 =- -!k-± fcc: tA i!St Of !--
z! 4=3
n -c.!c. t bASIC r3.3tn
.itly a i~b- c ir!!ZIs - 34-=:1t. ~wzAn c?:
oq- !c-m-St in tl- pcc (St- A ct=cix A).

A 11Tl :,:-,::c 113-.. :c-:;!1-:4 bY':nc1p-oci c

in to~~c
,:o7--, tha

srphizal ha-: -z !:e--n :r. -A so as -.3 c=c i-baslc

- Ic
in b .cr= that fv:~
acts, 1=p1It In th~e zroupt! data,
will be cade apperent. Ott- Ap-:nl'x 3).

(a) Charts =!c--: -1-fled stria1 cb-to 0Inll-

1. Tcr i ob-c-, c*bst----d

2. V ~~in
Ichz~ [Link]:t-of -.%Me:obs

3. O~r-czlor c' iIb

(z) Lcclcc o' airlntz air'l-, both~' an-.

c= :r:I'Al-
.

N) 0'r4-S!C 3t-iS
tv -z--241-

A ~l ~ ~Z&h -t A- n%=:

sc- - ------ lz4-, is C a --

:a;-~ :~ bs c:~ as c? 3xi=-

to 7in -'nq- ,..1 sDe;4 - i-wrs-:za frc-,i=~

=h-. '0Sa= ;-1331 c' --I-1 bri'---:-c= ofc- --h~:en

t!TM=T -ly rt-- crn -s~n-l nn-"~

;-!ct s=--; zo-;Illt =,k r-p~or- :*- saz- lI ?esstns is not c~p?1ts

po-oie, ac rtu:Y m!=:T~ :rt. u1:- :robny. the

b- !ahsran i-n! a-a
==ds - 3!=dthl Sa~ !!;'t
!:: - =-j-::-n h 3= cnlI.

th57-l,:C~ SolSaq=-!)a-Z23) IPn

1oqz
:n!.~ 4 psy:s
'-! l- c,7-!c drmqlzlS has a

A--n:-s. Outs'-it. M 'r -:.c Suncv-Vtn? lno' -- c n

-C.c;t-fM
Str1-3
ic'a
cf-la-Z.7 -n b-r. b-. aOn* 3 C-.o

3'r~ll :A

-1t2- e,
s . F..tk

h-:-- -hl

.4,:n: o.~I ntr!-w s !-t- -i- -

t-2 q ssl !3o s to :acvs::!; '-:: Dr Ln-mnr

in %rt-!fct
to3t~pp-- -z!.-.- zi.s-.2 -4- - : in.

=!.*!c -.h!3 arallysis le precv~le as Apptni~x (;) to

this
ir23Zuch a3 *',0sros b-:-!n-55 ths- sc-a! of
zh
-- rr-d obci-itles rayha-s- rtsi~zsd "spsc* sIh'ps" or
-h~IIS.
7ae~ a sp,::a1 s:'r.~3 3 :Ia:- wI'.h
ia~th Zcar,-Id F-c ' ct, an [Link] 35

th.-I -!iht ditvif- I, a :)cs31!Il- -spa, - shig."

As 2 :ht:~I- H4-~and?-c'-:t lhas I:-

3 szz;17 by n- Lipp~ In vl-: r-- -css!:II!-y !z -xplo-Td cf qny
plert: in '.. -cxn '=~ss-aphysizal and :lua
*.a!:Icn toc tllo,, :ht- ... mni.. s- o' -h 'j3:t e~'
7=13 St:i:7 *1=9 b--n -ps 'n t-trs r-- 0' 8 r'P-:o; thl: I3sr!
3-r :d ts App-:!'z (D).

Inio1~ ~eurvv
b :--o: --.- -. , of- O--v s

as-o n.-I- b - 'O-

sc=an y oIn ::
,o--.u -

a-3-
OPaAFICNAL

Sns~
s zherr !3 't:it poss~iilty thns
or th- r-=crtf3 inz!1in-. roesnt iO.--2tiz: -O'IJ't3 oV i a:

to Mh!-,- ec-!on for =e7ltw.

s th' ,tos ~-tn

3s btc tak -- o c":a!n 1nfcr=-

In ccr-tlom n https-cot b-l=: otd

ex:ens!T, .hn ~ st n
=1~~cs ~~~ Iotnn
of thz r-.o-:in, xlrstis bav- b-tn mile,

77-cwiIZAL

A [Link]~n proportcr Iol c'a!~ pp-!ar zo bo. -- al ai rlt

thwum Of -:convc~rtbonRjcn:j'aIn In order' to 1n'v:stlzaze

)1:thod OfSuloport .it

win-S

R otor

Magnus Ef'-ct [Link] ayllni-r, -cr.--o , SUb-

5-zt-id to -,~Itran32tcnal I.-? :-Icc!-y)

Y Xthcn-;
o P (Xu15c
zns7-u~t

Pr5o I tI n zot -n.-li sc-c-inionc--~'~

J- ' .'-,r %- ili n

-ine air rsl . &;! re- Snn:

h-:
7,rs~~~~n-s , ,, : ze-y

-- ::Ini
ssa sanz--

(Fro-o s, rvo-otor ss~

J-:act Inc
o sirf-:1 or te:s)

r-o3ourz- srv csslItre

n ;I [Link] -zroxinzs

As-cp'yalza lnalys,2 lz tx-etd to btI~.Orld by

frorh~r 1! -
u.-Rr --- . for -.pi'i and
3'33tan: !' !LrU"!0n 0' rl!.n' Isr13
r,-" , -,~
OSaibi-
3'.Jn
- ~ ~ ~ ~: :3 ) ~
a 101,:'
3r- " s~~ 9"
3-:"17
erran St =sts, t-Cxol3- !-det Mid la~nZI?-d by I O-
trs3ed sir :-atapuZt. Cp -ra's In [Link] 'z or zay p IC--;ns pro-
t--d by, I trap t :aftn!) z,,tds3!bl-. b- a-: :~es.
Aleo, S'U'7 CLst:IIbe' rt^t b7 lir:raft antt-S ,Cn e-
arpl.! 'Cr.- 1"*-s. '7- 3-_1 zas-s. on~ a =-4st$Pd c rt
o 47th*
. woldb o- -o vr ~

I ~:Ion
Ins itien or 71.1-n 'rosslbl!- or Hpteta

rncnnous (See D)iazzss3tn. Psyt9.olo7ioal Error3)

T-chnIcal knal7515s c' 7a!C'- Con~ir:at~n

The ixtr-rte lazk of J-1 a f'or -az- Of' the !nciaent that h-ave!
bex reported zak-3 It pre s-:=: y 11=;cssible to accvuat-ly Idetntify
any of 'he reported craft with respezzt to 3-311g. and!~o ne
TeChnlcal an'aly31'3 rust be- =Rde by zcnsIdern. poss-bhlltits and
[Link], whi,:h art -xpttd to '-- oej or JIspro-:i Only
when :o=plete dat& Or [Link] or' airzrart (Crash) are
a7.1sble. Vailentif!ed aerial ObJetts 4ppear to b'! tro,;ped as
follows:
(1) ?1yin~z diska (saucers)
(2) Torpedo or Clgar Shaped Bolirs (no win.:s or ifinz vislI5
in fll,-ht)
(.3) Sph-rical or B4llccn-Shapc Ob 4rcta(ccqpqblc of hevm4i
d-scindlng, ssci dinZ o'. *1-1711llnr at h!:h so-id).'
(4) Bills or' iipht (no opartnt phy3!cal rorz s3tta~h-j).
CSO~bIT Of' _-net7 -.In-, ol~[Link] tra rlUl. at hi_±i
spet".
~rs thee ro~ps o' o bj-ts ar- tapatlt or' rl'-3ht
The
.hrou;ch th- atr,3ph-r, by --an of s-rodynu-_1o:and propulio~n it-
.ai.;ns (to Prout- th -I- adtr~)te -kr- r-9127
tOna-ivable by a-rosnu:lcai d-31zr-s. sh-sa'l1Wn- and or-
trol Cgtzrls that. -xvui Ir:rd ~- -=o- sortol
con=-Ivibly b- pr0'!4.-.!. 7Thi str s-s, hox-v--, is to
whthr hb-s- rzeins~wocriidIT7-1sr =-j-h zpTed ini 4110wv
q ~c-n rti -Ih' anl 1!j1.- rajnj to h- prt-
P~
t1-31 ull 23 %Ircraft.

!;c< Or 2,rP3n'r ~ n b-; n uZ-! in rPr-st-

tat'j' Rr~r~teir-r-..~e'y r ov~'~n "o :rte=o thgat
..~.''43
.~--
,p~aen~v
b -x Iv-v n::.sinz:- th- iA:z--t rIti: R!
a'
.~a
,lno is on'y 1.2. Ex t,! of' ti- P -1 theoy
has 1l30 shorn, that the =1X1 nosb lilt to-Mz!:-nt- to '-e
-~-t-~C~'S.:1, low 'SD-::~ti :%'S sh:cid A23c
=oor. In aditon, **-~i-ylmrz: =- a-rodyrt-: :hard
would p:'es-nt !!f"_uit des!= ombir-. to 2=~,-S
:':oc -
tiudinal stablll:y for '
i 'o t.:ns hs'iztn a ti -ni:
O '-Dr'!33'r a t'aV-l, Or o af''r~ s-!Ct!CnS 0's-ll st
typewh-",'juped vI:h ali-rcra 3t -h-! tral-inz .,
in t*-- v-'y lcr aspezs: ra:io ranrt, t-- ?'an::l. :h-:'ry Is
probably 7--y lnaccurat-f. 'XInd-tunn-!l tests or' v.''y 1:: ssoect
ratio airfoils !ndicit- nu--*. its3 im=:-J irajz !neas- than -x-
p, fdtr,.n t-:oy ami also ~ ntaevery h'.h =!=.3'It
coeffioient &zzoopani.d by -!xzrt=-l.T hi~h SZ;all!n7 SnLes:. !lor-
ever, In *'nersl the Indu~i d raF- a' very lox spect rat!o winzs
Is mu=i larger than the Iniu,:es draz of' con-ntlonal aI.-craft
w~nz'3, a :ond':In wn:-ch wol adversely ar'teat alRp11 ra~
Cahsin fl!A*--t conditions which re,.!rt zedlu= and h! _' lft
cc'etticlentz. Thus, po!rfortance In Zliob, at alt!ttie. and f'or
long-ran, cond!t~ons would be relatively poor', a lthcu-_ ii
30o!Cd would be little ef'ected.

NOtvi-_s1tnjrn th-e prtdicted aerodynamic _11saivantaxe3 Of

crular plantain winzs, qute a numb-r of' xei-tc -r'orrs
hav- been mad- to us- ths oan-'Iguatma - and not all o!' -.he=:
-by persons i~crant or' aerody-amic f'und=:ntals. 3xp-r-I:7ent-il
wind-ttunnel work( at the! NACA (1933) shoxid both naximum lift co-
effIoients and stall =hr
aIoistch
=or- favorsol- t.*an
,ould b! aRntloipatid.
Th).e prabien a' tai langitullra1 stab~lty cau-li Doss1bly,
be solved by t.h- Us- Or a stablT 3!1rf'OIl [Link] Of' th- reI'lixed
trail~nq edre type with e~tip a11 -ns (pirhaps flostI.n.) arro-
d~na=I-_ally [Link] of' th,! via;.
At st:"rscnic spteds. wh-'-- the lniuceA drag; !3snil
oh.! circular planfor. orff'e oh- probability oa' rtd-od
thirlcterfstl c a" lowv asp-at rat~o atrf'oils"In th*e, su-p?,onl:i
refl:e. Also the clIrctil3: planf'arn- pr-aets a swjpt-ta%:K leailne?
edK- (of' variable smeep -il-.n7 th- spAn), %'hi:*h sjhotold reutIn
a re ductd efftective Xa.-h un -eli. att-niant r!duced 'irag f'o
a 3t'upirson!(c speetd ranze.
No definte inf'artatIlcn has b-tr rectilvedanr. OfaIa
propulsion used on flylng !13,3s ahlth avr e 3i 'ht:.Hae'r,
b-iat3s of' d!:tan-.r fstc.-s 1.1-101-71 in th! sIttnsIt 1s quite
possibli that iithlr p p±esor -:propulsjcn oudh,37, bten
enlydwltho':t en t-byteosr.
[Link] ?[Link]-s3 (:'-oedo or V-.'Sr-Sh:dk1)
~'h~e teO t. ~-3"pd olyr-;resint: an ^""iad-nt

"tn-t' 'o eia~:"t' hnt~nti hehoy:ta .l~ ':~7e

4n r tlt- '-Ss1:n ;S- 1 a 1!r..a.,~ n Sur-
:~;e
cM a s-:- o :Mc o-
d Pran c -cci - 1, !fe ndi-c
e. iwevt, an ex:ensc o : h cndt2. thc . .3. ~ i
A!lrlin-s zIiots *h':e- ind Cl-s in the Mno-cAl~bami, !n-
=1_14 vj~ct *; load znracbl- to the *r1.h:_ of .1.-1 i rf
a", 1int
'1 siz- a' fly-nz sp-t-s In -.ht subson!2 can:..T cnt
th-ocv probabl- .71v-s .,--y _os~ra1.., %,aiu-sor lu~
ift
fr 0 . bCd*-s o this sh-ape. 1--a xp- rten.- Inisc , t!, th
ll-ift =av b- txice as 1i!zh as :hat [Link] by the, theocy.-
AlthOUIn th- C-3rt 31;chted oy .qhllted and Ghlis was r-oted
to b- without vln;-s %nzi rir, it Is pcssible chat it :-ould have
b-vn I~quipdi -ith tx-nsibl- r-;s forc take-orf ant Ianctc:,
:a~- 'vt'intht I)a
n :c-uling £flXzht.
L."!s tvye of [Link] c~ull also b- pe tilslly suppocz-a in

th ik--o3 "1ind
f andn
v cy n'tc pe by tuht a .is1_n could c-suot
tha h~z if~cjthce lantz nd *tlch
tnk-ofandv ooceposth~rne
u btle noaxis,
or -h- j-s sr-a 1ir--tnt
e In athe "i'l.n i'use-ly
- rtaca !te byt ihed fudrthepssibiity os th an nbe
rotorni, opc
Withi th b ayue&.- C-roulsysi- ccjd us-- pwoul
Prviad satic:S-sr ntdfo ln1tdinandy dsieorthnll anoud, laall.
Th* sane vanesh coul also h~ ap~ee-n ue c aA-sim ,oull rsutc
bAltic -10 tacilI55 Sell 3 71.-e~ arent ean te [Link]
wThetitJeo- tai by~sso
cacdn 3yr-srvohc, ccliav p::t-

iilty, -tz. Is no, Inte-rdi to r-pr-s-r". deluctionascdn the

that auhin airc-r.-f culd aupcc andi zontrol Its-If by a-vO Yna_-ic

Th- pro~ulsI ye !ysrT:n of this -,Y?- O Vehiol- XVu21 IPP-'Ir to

ba .- t cc rcck-t enr-ili. Thfc-c "cuIt' cor u_:oticn or tzgir.es3
,o :.!s 7r.! xcu11 bi rsth-:' h!.h. Tnts, c=.zl-d xt-h t
tav
srd~n~: ! "t on mz'a ::o'7 YOuL b- aoCccnPan I
h!.-h ic cpi-ts a 3-:-clu tiatn nt . c: this air-
scalt 'cr inv ct :ui a _c3 :t-c. I, this t,,;- of unticti-
a-cclb'tthais rxccliln
an.;-, tis o I"), t-
,h- -- no: or' ;cpu 3!on 13 c-li fIh !z3 ra'm:2 Ft'7 Y~.
',noan in n.
[Link] ~b~cSp(h-ric,l- sni '3;icon-Shi?-1 Cb'-::s)
sphirt cml- or balloc_..:me c -.r- not -uvily cra --
em"I1n
'"" *~ ~-*.. 3a." 3 -1

-~~c
-- 1.13 zvl hI
=-.ans or liftj c:- suzh s. o-: e b'e a-ostat:I:-
trasl:1-xiel =otlen 'lt to h- ;!r; c-
st7-a- of* al:- v~rtc~ly ii. *on o.- --- '-
a nplsh-i wlt a r:-.1tnz aLthe:-. c'1::h- -ld s
probli-. Intui"tnz tb :in -oS
ooa:-. wr-r a--:. te
:thods. usinz a blow-:- lyst!' or !-!zs, woi -u1-Itvl
of vtry short Z'3nze and drraioO, wcul-.- Con~~
0-
sdeJas psctl :11 by a-ro aut! :1-' -- 3 -r

The Obvious txpianatIcan for =-a-t of th- sth -rlzal zhap-d

objea-ts Is that they a:, :'toazal Or 31:U"' typi balloons1.
Ths., hovev-r. iJo-s not -xplaln pashat th-7 a:a
t hiih
speed or zsntui-r raplily. It !3 -Z3SIbl :t i th- ='=!ent Cf
the objects was sane kind of' an cptlzal lilusa=. or that =cr-entH
for- a brlatr pte:-4 due 1.o a ; as leak In the b3sl Cn. 4%3 -!XA;-erat!d
by obs-rvervs.

Balls at L!2ht.
No :-,gsonabl- h:yacth-sts Of the! tru.e nanr- or bills of li:-t.
3uzh as that -tcrt-d by Lt. gormsn at Far-zo, 5. Dskot3. I-as bpen
developid that txplains the bihaio:- -Tct-a. Zhe nost r-ascn-
able explanation 's that the lihts Sre suspin!d fr-om balloons,
or other =Tins o~' Eup-ort, not v!.3115- at nl1-bt. ail th- viol!'at
nan-uv-r3 rep.-rted ar-! due to Illus!om.
Poss!')!ltv of SientVii: D---loonenls in Advimt- of' Knomle dze
in -- Is Co-FTr.

Conldtretlon hs b-en ivn to th o I~e that th se

uni-ti'!ts arzratt r-p.-ant aanl~I e-cents b-7cnd
the lel! of kraowltdrt attain-d !-2 this3 [Link]. Sinc-: this I
eLn! cur ineetIn sal-ntfIC " -loor-mts t*hrou,.-bout the! Norld
is vry Ic .:1-,It w6,-od be: neacsairy for- any-zther otvn:rjy to
conduccr-3- aroh and *loetwork onxt!-ne :ry far any
3unh pojt~t to h~v- re!ashe-d suab an advan--d .- tsf ti-lopment
Without a h~nt or its -! ste!ac- b,!aca'r. krz~ r :ht only
nation or. -ar-h with nlet:h.-ecr- vcx
si~ As zut-h
rigil saC'.-rt7, is the U.S. S.R. An v~a:Ilcn
rbetv or the
ability o1, the 30ovlts to prcdu:; 3on fare*,oness
in advar-! o' the re!st zf the ororld risults in the -onaluslanI
that the possibility Isa ectrjejy [Link] 0' th- scsu
Sovittarnuia eec~t hl~ b. -
.... ae bym!.lz,
Txp-±*-n.- of other: n-tAns , 30='! a th-= *-,!I:-:-r alose '1s,
3o it !5 *,-y nlitI7 that -c haTY)':-
it- .Opedtn n4Ir~l
10.1trVII-71-3 n-,--3SrY -. =37C-t s ,e's -ro!a 1saibd
Aroth-' possibUI~y '3 -hit 1-131a a~:3 -IS~O-
troz nnoth-:- [Link]-~ s 'c~na
t'-- ;oa sOf' lIrT
on o'thr 3ln-
0 no '35' S Cf ' z".
1o:-eI -hPVSal-
h

D'ar " !aaa." '" nt

-!-Ilnstl a01 All

zr f- , m r , -es b-cts7 ,
Tez~i1iai rntni e, TelnlzaI Secrions

~ ~ USAP (AFOIR.

Air' eqthex' 3-vl-s, ~'.nilrews

AFS, .lsshing-
'on, D.
Ohio Stz- Unlv-r3!ty. Dr'. Ilyntl
RIqn in-., R~ani Frcj :~ (USA')

'c -d 0 Va75
'I
ii

- ",
-- j"*4\I' s a;

. *, .% I,
X3 i
1
!

t. .' i'i

57 t j

-5 '

" "* 3\\- " -" ";

15

i0*:
[Link] L -,- -; - ZJt

!;2

73
36
34.

32
3D
25
26
24w

20

12 '

10 1k
2,;

23 I~
22 a

a,,
19 , i --
-

17 .
16
15

13
12 i

10 iD I
9 :

3 a
2
I I

-~
- 'A;
-'

43/
*1*-

I I

9!

9T i

9I ;

99

*" I I,

.. ... . . .- o .9 9 * .. -.
I

S1-233

'V. i
i Z

2S.. 19:9-

20

17

200

13
12

!3 1 '

:2 a)

!^ *) a -
-.- a.-. g-.-
:ates

25
23
23
22
21
20
i9

.17

16 *

15

13

10

.3

4 A

3 I
2
!

ZIa
"4 4 r,

-- J -n .s -cfa";
zlr
4--. .. s. a.- a-- Avitsaer7
iV3t c--Ie

'a- -'- ~ -'-a- [Link] r:tcr-snts

.4 -'.r- It
Zq'-3 th 1art 113ISI
F' 1.
'.rt 0tr th3
C,~!a
qc'co:'::tn: Ce. t~e rr'rrrts: the third

rq
trsrsczrt~ rcrenais 'c?:!cgs Cr

S3rc-;
1 -- he zort ni ercts [Link] !rd!:Rte th-eli7tlne
ten r!-zes thizn!-:knesz. There Is ss-' s.::stton thatth
it acsT:atrtze. srA ratter Ilke a ;~t'sh,l1.
.rCS3Ss-otlor
rtq S.-r- :t
1o,. th-'o -t are r rhI; acceler-
sc;ar4! velc- ,v'ten are aI.7htel In ;ro-t, o ee

2-- heseo::d rrvr,) ton:S

Gro~ Sta 0, r'rr or 11.-his
oos3-rv-d S: n!I-h:. lh'se ar' SC :aollble o' h:-h atJ-ea IM-

7r,:t-erT e shapl deInpilutoo o>:s

ktnis o' ro;'A-tj, !nner. lppesrlnS 3ozewbat l!ke 7-?

r -:Ae

'rowt -- ~e T::ro c:!ntatr, 're;ot c aiu

- taa tsh,'
jusat .- ra~ n.-, 211s'hetn

rv= -:-:~-o. rt.t -rz: bet

~ -~:e att '!:utable to th of-?Ve~
*

This ~--rt x!:" :o-.i_',-r -_ir~r the rzpc':s oO'ap

I": -i--.

~i:tn A -- ~ zln b. le-u- -rz-n- tbt o

ivnn- a 1c~o:c fr a zlnzle

Zh -I, 0' -he Q'SC e Is

er~n h- ^!st It1~ :n

-I be ';sp ji~ x_
ny
Ioso^ 1-:-Ma cf1 -han-e Of 3u~h rat!o3, can be
32~ et~r~e:.Thu,? ran a and zt!.c of' suzh ob-
-~ ~c
: ... n'i ani It is thi: reports
Xvr nn-Ie s,.I 13 -h- n. jte by :h- co l :in
b~o:s-~'~.LlkeXi3e tl':'o 13 fa: [Link]-: q%=n S-Vrgl
a"'2^ :ro he ob,'~
t't:' Or rtr
o-3 1 151*'eps
t--' h;kIs. hc,,:h v1,-city b-nodeer
-~ 'i:' in oe. qn, in t he f'lu:ter

A. la: :Gn b: ~~a

rq'- an]3 itze 01 *.he

YV':'e 'ezr :' bJe-V.A'J 30 ':!ts:

on~ ro.-O - ::

--. .tI~' '..J*%a--,.: un';oea

Thi -sr: -,..i
bst~~h~ .- esy n

0e' ZZ. o the 0o)Iects 0' .3rco 1.

oo'or =i (they v be M3s.:r-d ! -
,ism th- o be thirty fee. !nset~
tb~ ta bl? &3 rizid
,, a nomas al,;a~ w~Fo O-rcot span, to be sozeior
So^ the [Link] rnto ani to be !i
z~t effobent 'iesic-n.
.s It is nocw po~slbie to :a!-
t.1lte o- hpavy thq cl-:" mus be =erely to remn rIFid
,;:,!p the cbierv-d sr;ular moton~. Let the caloulae.1on be =ade
or e o' ,.rallb or assa~el sizes I1,9, 4, 3, 16, 32, 64 --
-,iy S30 ~e.
-- t a-a 1-t [Link] --ss be Dooted v-ra
-3is±e. ih"- non-' Ineer zharcter of' the 'curve shouil
!nl!: -- t .r a~noxinse upper linlt to the size a' the obj-ct.
If,!n It ! 'IS3u'r- :hlt the 1l-'ten !S Zla '.0
for-.3, it I poss!ble rt~ ep~is no

m~-~t~n" e-'.2-. 'datair pobably be txtt frnom

2' neJ3Ss Co,: nribbly by the use or a deorstrnon =odsl
-nn be no-fe to o3s:!1±se or flutter In a kny we:,.
3xav-- ?'ART 1.S'o:'.o A
1'*- j1i:'r s-or :[Link] yill tr'i zsIz cl
o-o, osrv-i "no- '4 3!:-,!- ita,'bon; such cbs zatbin to-

.9" Vin: :3- t3t reOSCona*le! ll;T!J taOf'uC

-0
.--
ihe ~oI-ti tnnel-
c'rtnr g ani-I

-' a2 C' r.,-t -: itibliie eA;16Sh!S

bn' the.k lies
A. o t.'
-- s ,.h~~- niral

-- t t. -Ce weVl 1 .- tc "7 zptez

*aEI- .1 Very -A v.e1C:-tY, ;.L~-,entl Y

r eqrtr
cd !: ~ -1-a: p cer' bt 7,2aed

C-i onir- (:nzl-rt C-r) rnctced a 71olent -toc.!z

.sa *% gi s r-. rs --!

irs.l at is cs![Link] -.1e 3 :e ---
I .3.,.nz o

lagl . .

Is t'l *h 0)"e:

gr- tr 's

r- *.,-q.
. an

1D 7i
in ~ ~-nx3 to e ~ -- t: -r!

~ ~ s a'~? cn~3t I 30el- Cne d-

-e'.:,s zc-4 -X?,-rence in~ of pZ=.d it

.:::- if-- qrze :r z' 0h1 5

.~
0'r..

3
1b-c; vtr w- e:,
r.c h !-e unz -f r t v.o Suchs !e~
In

It ic';::~ tc -re the pr-m!1oda

a s: that Lr=11net [Link] ='e nave no sur:patcr
re t re-hc

b-vc-'-c- I zh s- prti othe~tI ore

th toul, 1" h

Sael:c. 'Th"-r ts icnto tqe-rer Is !nob.y cc"hib and a

s. ,! it, -I- 'i t tat'-av no nsu;a-c n st c
ai!i:l is to a-e
ri the [Link]%. 'r , 3 ,r 7enr~y
'~~~~~~~~~~~~nin n~t~ca ael~e ~ :-spe rro this
3tc-i. n,., tha-atr- Isc or sl [Link]:tv"I

C^ -, 1.3r:ct~az c
cyL7ns 0? pr dcin
sn r
at~r rv!.ybe-. icue-rqct-J eI'h3a: 1 CrI.T.: l 10
i. tnot 7t'. 11, b- C -irceI . J ,l~ ys

!:-v -- -E--.5-.

-- *ca ,':'.. J :'e r'ccrt o

--. er, *r u~o3e .. lv byZ.I o..S.

-. I q, srt 301:3 ~~c

Noa' c9

h v- n:n
zss * r_! ,n 1:. '--r,

Pa~i1-
ks Ir.: a 51 r rs. u, .1-r ,n~ . q.
rtrctf ti,A n -.o be. ' "-Sn_e.e~r.t
.(i t1,s re~srk. For zoa-erinze ar 'In -. ! n
to ple:y ir:n I: scz Idle i -:inn--r ie _1tsrb-i bt h- Z'

[Link] ooserveJl objects ra-y behi~r or pzy-

!. crIr-in. it Is oVp0 r ior'n> to !tui:'-,Is
~cblt rwe learn ~ro= 1." setln- of the
0'r~the 1cp-_3n
reS5*CnZ- *Unie- 11tatC end
[Link] a&bv
3lt the rellabillty 'o visual obSer.a-::n.
,ra 1!%i~e to q3L:_ -,-t Z. Z)OSt S:l
b-. C'
-. an: Qereor "-!: Ozcase:oC=2
'110',3 -'Ur:'n t' e w~er h- n~e~ o ' Ir-l ine
.3Li . Uthnr. =.rlrers hiebeen ra.- - 3Ra-
'^cr Hnlr$3 or 7ears 3et -c:,! his -yet p-ie

it ~teresinz
ln -o tb-;1ate ".1 ra;nnmei

'un. t -~ 'vr. Th:er.' w- hvt4 a phenilno

nto be riel.
it is ErI---.m Ine the r"ror-3 INI'tl reach I
mna-nun erer-; s"",. - o nd c':' itme 1947/ 5n t3an slolly
t 1" r off. Tt .:' V-t~* th13 Is r
-uI .i o
t'-
t2~e r~l.r-: ove fs Indl~zti.17o-~hn ~
Th~I poin: :-ir '1'
7 'I Sunr -1 : ;CI1et!Cn
.3 =nwn torI 1;: *'2!t'd,: hts ow sez . ! e.~:: -3r'
vir-. w'o-' t-;.' A .3t1-4 C' crak leto:'r.3 z'.C-2vq! ift.r tI'7
r":ilI:I~'~v.n
'~ i he ll: r:rr-. ch:lI give

thhe t--~re -retrve I:: zrik.t-t

t is rcbai:~
e:~~aary ertl !!7'C3 i
qsr!~atte at tlm [Link]
-- : - l3 YJ?. 0.. t..1 -- us

W.,..l have pe.y to Worry: abctut. It~ Is csthuo's in

'on t o~l qaqc
cnly m Jacv'ry of' a lezree oC
, v-i
ne- ')-Core schlv-' _ouz1 uio to exnlaln suo ie*-3
in so i.±le a ai~
ClaSSS!!atitr !I -- F~r tErr3tr:ll C! ':

[Link]: It 1s noert) ht t l~iIh ZhyaI~iSt

zzie 194?. T1he reported c5je~ts l-se lltl c^~ thI

;nterest. hcue"^r, 1 thy ar- c,^ meteoritiz orlzn.
2. An! a 1s:Aoci the obJqets as s x
:oe
l~c~annthlis alse, t'ne_ are fe. rdllAbl- -e,;Crt3
c.. ext-a-cee::'r!' anI~a13.

.3. Soaze Shins: :he fo11crw. aoos~d~rat'=

a. L- r 3 an extra ~r~U viz::
W"I CEM St.C? O'liC"s !3 S e: !ti:~13 tC3*t

a cs:en.
a b'. :' on cobabtllt7 aicre A~thcut
re-10t~se to ?i-~21mpotheses.

ce q'rani qrst fal in~p'

to obz:,!. 'w-en -.he3 of' A-lc' ln! s "t e at

jr. ! h .h-* 3pv 3'It i 3-!n, 2.1.! the t-! '.'I. C'auch
3 XE!0
C-D -! _l:____t an!
C.-rzr CZ -

:h wjtrt It 1-7 [Link]

4. Th~e ~s.j~: y:stizIl-3 cutill.I l.- ?rt UI.

1 _3ahuiuI be c--t : a o=
ntVtt Of! ana; =as2yh~'j~

ats3h=14 Csz-ry CIOP-zs ~C.-vlnr-

tvltz
hcul beor~-ry !esi;ned by a psycolazlat expe-r

It !3s tli: Is -0 b? lcj,- e.;t. If' the Air* %-r has

-a b. se:'!Dusi- lntested !n encrts,. I
rhs bo1
take ter-ate
"0 !.-ts~o the =ot's~re
pre-

2.a erzon s*.*..- Irn t- aot~cs cf the byt ind of

-a-tcaphe'e *!c~!rvjst,.-!te -ne ps.-.,ula~ ! rn that
S.'V-1 -e.-C:'t3 azc'ee ;n escibing :he Objects as beingF about
- ~Zen t!-Ps as wIile as they ar-e tlhlck; the point be!ng to see t
!-.! 13 as ~hr-A1'y
n of' qctuall shaspes ppear so, ur-der
ah~
UtI~s ~:ra~~ 1tmn- escut~n zleteaabl! con-
:-:

cC an~hsd
-evelco~ent
Z~ttc,~~uy ZIer c' Staff', kiatrfe1

1-1t'r to
?1-33C letter of le ic c,- to the
';"y!:-~: p.-cbie= ar-J to ,4r. ColThoh='s reply daeted 24
S194-0. :-1 pa rsoh Nb c.' the repl:.. 'r. Cal~hh.
oc=sel (aron;, other tc:.s)t ser! a discuss!cz. of the
!-t3!-n arn- p ce Cho3tertst-c that are believed
d:
to',s nt:sh space ships."
ZI.s pent 'ctt'r ozives, in very _-en-ral na .es,:ripticn
c' '. i [Link],' o^ a v,.s:: ror= Otter wori-ds as an erngInaer~ng
- . preblem Sr4 -Occe points ra-'n te usec'aae veh!cle3 as
coare.. wth :).!=sc th' flyio~g ObJ-.-ctS. Lr. Co13bobhs
s11 li ZOOcces to Colog! Y~z-cy at Xrigit-?att~rsor. Air
lsz3o ludr~n the FAND br e!r th.-re withIr the n~ext Cew days.
A~ v,=!~n!~ is =0 13-US3 poss~ble places of cri'vin,
0' "sitIne. sfiCe 31h!P3. Astrcoer3 are, [Link] In acreezznt
thit only cnR ":--b - o' the Sol&:, systeir (besllos earth) can
sueiort bi;hnr rormiof cC le. It is the planet Yars. Even
OPea'r3 i--te desvlnte and 'Inhospltable so that a race5
2as
rulIi b =cr! ccuo!.,d wIth srIa1than we are or. Earth.
Rerrence! 1 e 4
aliovit, cori ticns or the
of'oto~sc
vr:5olz.-3n se;ls A rom- Ref. 1
f~tr
(r. 029) :ar. we!*. 't" In=--;ded here.
".Pxthcr !ntell!Z-n:. bqnrs ex.13: to appreclat! these
301!ndCr$ Ci :.a !artlan. 1).Ls-ape Is ',"'re s-pcuti cn.
I~ ~cre~:y
I ha r trut~dthe h,3tCry o' Ifars,
th sltl
. rt's-"- cc believe that th- life processes
ra.y no, hv, 'oca. a ecrse st-,!lar totrrsI1
~'
- v~[Link];t btrs- r1AY hayA pr-otectei
o'o- -x"~rs,~
-.:r, ~ :rr.~r~cr."ho -es an!i
C!e3 411). e -- r' ~z 3:c~nVclVc

r, ~ ~~
n- - 1"!.---

t~Hase
a-a lInt-st
th-re =:F exist s-zez
Inc-
s'~alz':e : t!' ,~~~ ant phsl3ology of a kat'lan.
~Rr!tv o", -cs'.z re. for example, m'ay re!=Ire' a cc--
p~tly il-ezr-d rspiratery s:;st. 'or waz' -b codwd creatu'-s.
at-Os- n,: ss:r, ! Is h scr pressure
vanat~
crNa-rq t' '7': Of tht *:.2-.*d-ual. the p-ro-ss
fi~ with o-ur ty:pe of' lt~n~s be--c=4 l::osalble. ~
ax's the critical Press-ure ecx' h 'to!; teararture of 8 ~?
octuxs when a oclunnz Clf Zhe [Link] Cents!,-$ One SiXth the
=3 0 a s!tZ1sr clton the Earth. Foz' a body texp-atuze
of 770F. the :rirca nsa r'jtla is r" _ucei to about one
t- tlCh,ua at 53 to abfut c:.,) twerty-rourt-1. rh, se
cr1 tlcal valurs are of the crd-r as th- val-es eat!nsted
l'cz the -irtlen a [Link]. Accco !n2ly thr anatony and ohvs-
Solozy O' a '.rtion 'A.V tor 11;tdi! 'rent from [Link] -but
th!s Is nll :onjectu'e.
hdo not lkn~j ti-e orlzof 1' fal', y cr:. the Earth. .7e
- are L'naeZ. -.o oba-rve sn... a :ni of' InteflL4nt 1l're on1 Yars.
11.9 resler -r,: Corsm Is ten apirnlcn. If he bel!ses that the
1!'P fOz'te 13 tulv'rsal-4ni t!-nt Intel*Ivent benz may have
cn: evelo-_-d or Yars, he has only to !=arine that they
~cr
ooiintlras rt'tnz !r a rare atrosol-ere sh!':1
Is .,e'yd:;old o' oxy~en and vter. tni r. a planet. wieze
t,n'-hts Fir- ,coh -colder t'-an :u: art,- w~nters. The ex-
!stenc:e of' Irelligent lle cr 'ars is =t 'ncsslbla but. it 13
:-o-mletely unproven."
It 13 no- tao ','eo l o .o a ?":eo 'wirtr-.- and icnslez 7enus
as i cvaai'llp hc-a "cx' I
1:f-~n . Th- at-ca: h're, to b.- aurT.
[Link]'"ty Cors!3ts a"
0oot ,'ox!2a xith ic-en olfd
"'~-~.
lerde Dz':plrs, ':itx. s-d'r3 to be 11501e or no 'sater.
ct l.!v~r.. oxv~s Ih aelcp !,. ThPr'2q1 "nlron-rnt3 that
Ar' at r-e to Us: the ve,;tsble klnIon, for exanpe, operates
on a na tsydl 'fers-t 0nerEY c7cle3 rz ;I- Bod~es =izht
best~ n; cc-rastel w~th : "ren cl*--..!s -n.1 O'ther'
o ol' :h-il
hn sny ao'e:'axeas n. Crne thing
'l'~s
Is e~den: s~rs. n a=als [Link] 1xanfsc-ure xethin
.1-31 r ov, )c-~ -r
zz-r *ex c' - ,Ica 'ctn1 -ha' ic not nXs 3 s
n~n.x'al. l' t13 -^<t'n:, !!e !zs aeif-f-alIoen and [Link] well
I tsI"to~,n
evlrn-et -lt I c~oa~. :~.sao' ce:. rature
(,inl i~ze or'

'.'t3~'''5t5* ~.. '", 'Ut27- ;'S

't3. "rz -,)!3, 'i1 r7-t7.

3-11'750
:rv :h7. SS -1 -:,-:3 3L= =z

In te n-xz -- v r-: ~s ta- t

7-1r:=2 tII tr=I

z.= izs.1 =t-ort .-e !r tht 3'1 b~ S7- b---

CetS-: Zc l: i

* - C ~ :!~t-3 b=p-b! St a~ 7e s nxs:e . it is iS1'

! C-- tha sn7 ~ e s.:erIe Es ar.!-
c: .

!-- e1I-: ~ a:e -h- eu-1 Rece~

sxse.
Mr~t .t 3:91 t"-1!=!

=a:I; -. 9-e3 szs7

th ~ ~ .3S''WZ-3T hra es! is .1z

-a-?n 2 ".r- -. -=b*. *,-- -S . ,I t'.

-i 13 *~, - e

.0 %3e 4Q -X!-! slz

asr2s- scz7:,. Un :Or astrcnc--.r be-t

Ze S r .. 1cz:a a21!s22 !r-

c . ---r- o:~a
Z!s
-z stir
the-: th- ho:T:e :'i3 z..:st xozD

rz~e .: zs. th = t~x st-ir a!.ct;i b-sr a f2='Iy re-

':tsu~n. i~!
s a zezbtr o"th sc- il1st "Mskn-
* S-eq:ence 01 zz--. !...2 *1:.at witt .izsj4s1. rel z!srts
-. -- e. -errr
*7c .t:p' . 1-- is .1oz)t fl - sv o'M
13Unt!2zr exz-p: to its
1!c"-Sz Wtn:qn 3--:)~ corftde?-

-reXZ. .s2,l 3t&:'3 -- nb e2l 5at-d. SIrCe Ccr'dIt!Do3 G

,,~z~ :o~ iro :00 r:r-t to be otrrb so'.oe ZLInctc!.

31OOs'-
ori b1r 0.7~ ?' r 3trZ Si:ch thse. :0:c

a: -re -n - r-,i',s ci' !5 1I;: e-rs. A ::a o

--I:, ;9e 52 tc~ 57. -. ~ cr5~.th

* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S r3
.2St.3,na." 1ges 5 0

7- t,;
zt:.3 & oSzn2cr 1
(
tcts-v-%volue
AV-~be
.1:'-o
:?e o~'
b: lo
cltrtCa te f~tn by
__),tboe SO !I aunb- c!' elzle
the zontents of
n.- then-r-bi ~r
z thl radius Z...ei. Se
lh 2
sta-3 a.! r !s the radi1us
Ir
cf~he r. !z -99s. This esoul! on~ly be usel 'or
211 re.e ::hsr 2" l!.ht yzftrs. For s-l~: e al~r'2oe
a rcoC ex
-o c-1'y zne krncan el! .!ble star ozher than t,-e
lIeS e!--!z:= 1i1-t :.esrs).

AMest1=t9 Of th .n- nbr c1 U3sAble stars, It Is now

o1-essar-. zo =ske a zuess as :L, =he nl::ber cf habitable mlare:s. ae
nae~'o dne ~zaImtelli.?[Link] lilf =.ay not be randonrly
3be~
dlstrbut~iat all-.
Ta Sun !:a ane plan-ts, srrnz-.i n a fairly recular progressicn
or orbits (-seeref-r-,nce 1. Az endlx 1) tl-at len!s credence t-o
:heor!-es :he: =any scars have -lsne:ts. ~lthw n~ne planets. (one. the
17arth) 13 COorpletelr suitable !or life. No more (In aijacent orbits)
are m~ar :mIsses: 12-s has exztre=nly r!,corcus lilrlnt; Conditions and
7enus 1-23 a-1 nsuItable fttzOspn1ere. Viewed very broally indeed, this
ould =-2n that eachz star wot:l4 haip & strbas of' plarets so spaced
that cn-, or osbly two, would have correat ter eratuzes, correct
moisture content an! a'iosp ere to support civillzed life. Let us
ass=e tha.; there !3, cc tbe a-,erasre. one haibl plnet per eligiIble
star.
Mhere !s no linme or~ resscn!r. or evhiTenc, which can Indicate
wret~her life will actually d4e-elo:p or. a planet whore the condi1tions
are sultable. Here arsin, -he Earth may be unique rather than a randiom
sanple. -11i3 -ritez, can only Inject 3one personal Intuition Into the
discusstiz: w!t1 the riew that lIfe is not; uni~tue on Earth, or even
the ranlc= result of' a low pro ability, but i3 pmecically Inyvitable
In th-e ri#hO This is to say, the number of Inhabited
-cd:!o.
planets is equil to zh so that are suitable!
Cne nonze lte= =eeds to be [Link], Know~ng nochIn- 'it all
ait-out other races, we =iSt assune= that 1I6anis avers :e as to [Link]
advanze~en:, envi.-rnnental tc. Dhat is, one hair or the
'rouces
other olnnets are !bhblnd us mli havee no space travel and tiec oth-r
31fr are shead an2 have variousj 2--vels of' spa-e travel. isr.a thus
Iza".=e t!es In cur 3acol,1e 7clu.A t~ere ars 1i raczes of bainigs who have
itzr sna e excioratlons. Z e Inuacr. pare 3 abcve now bticoos

R l )3
r )

wcare 3 Is the ofo race: !x;:crn.-n so -zt in a Sph-3riOal vclure

Ar,-'.'St3 11 03 t ar
tioiZtl c !iart~an on5 nnz- 2 nead not aipply
t, rqa'ej ' oth-n -3:1r y--s " .e!nz a oiort or*
-all, 7r:-.
0 would- -.c :e
eol cn-y n*-.7 0!tu~1.
I-
ve'Ccen: a:. !-j7- ,: thst 9 stn rac:e
3r~.~ 'r 1n
To 3u~tarize th~e 1az--sst'cn thus far: the zhaz.- of SPaS6
traVel'rS SIst1-1- at plan-s attashed to nat,1~brnz stas'avr
rujch zFreactr thin'the chnsor v-~e~r'-9n3.
V~ae The
one can be viesed ale-t as a certainty (if the s rptions are
accepted), wsherias the oth. a -rV Slight Indeed.
In czd-r to es:1=Rte t!-. relative zh--es that visitors from
"ars or star Xczoual! zoe to the Farth an"d act like 'flyino obJects",
some 1tscUSS!,-n Or Z![Link]!eit!CS Of sPace ships !s necessary.
'To handle the si=ple case f~sa t:r!p fro= lars to Earth
shoull be feasible %:sInza ro kt-powered vaC nee here, the
rocket would Ohatl_-y _,;e -Cre fuei in oon far a lindtng
llvn
than it di in initiasl takeoff, -*Le o zEarth's hizht.r gravitational
forc.
A rouzrh asttnete co' one-xiv orfornnie can bq round by addinie
the so-c :ied "escape vzeic-'ty' o f Xars to that of the gArth olus
the :ctul aner.7y :char;7e (kinat~c and potrontial) used in oh-an.-Ing
orbIt to t--p other. These are 3.1, 7.0~, ad1.
-rnoepaeay
miles PA,- second, rIS~eCti-ely. :I v'ng a total recuired performance
of 2:).S rzles per setond for a cnie-wxay flirh". 5arl-in, a suicide
m'ission, the: vehicle aculd have to land and replenish or else carry
a 1003%reserve for the trip hone.
Let us assume the Uart!ans have developed a nuc-ear, hydrogen-
propelled vehicle (the rost efficient basic [Link] that has
been cocsived here on Earth) Nhich uses half its staiSes to -:at here
arnd the remaintnz Stares to return to Here, thus comcletint, R round
trip without refuelinz, *-ut ilowln7 down ernouzh in our atmosphere
to be easily v~~~ I?,prqctically zatcinz a 1ardling). Since It
is nuclear pow-rid, zas zzexperature s will be h=ited to the =%Ximun
operac~n.; temperatures that :mterials can withstand (heat must transfer
frct the oile to the -s, so ccolinz can't be used In the pili).
The hi~hest. [Link]*l: point conpound of ursniu= which we c-an find is
uranium carbide. It has q =[Link] point of 456 0 .. Assurme the
0
Martlans
ae caspable ofreizn a Eas teernerature of 4500CR (- 9500 K), and
that they also have llo3 whish mske hlch nctor pressures (3C00
PSI) ecCnOMlcal. ?hln the speC!flC i-rtU1s- -9111 b,!I =1035 ?econds
and tne exhaus" v-lccity wrill be c =33,400 ft,/sec (referenze 5).
Calculation shows thst U3InS a Si-2;Ie stace r each IeP, of the JOUr-
ney.w7 l reouira a fuel/,-riswit ratio of3.96 (for each stage)
too h!Fh to be prc~[Link] tao stares3 each way (four alto other)
brnethi r-cutrid fuil rtodown to.. I, a Value that, can be)

If, by the !CT11Ccnen-, Of 3tronz al1oys, th- basic #£[Link] could

be kez't to 104%of tetotal ws'I7ht for eoich at~e
resLde -.
f 9%
co uldb used fr ylad A fcur- ata~e vehicle wold thenr bave a
rc0s We![Link] (lco0114
.- l,,30' ti,-es as !rest as the paylond: thus,
9
if the payload 19-r! 2,;0' pcUn43, the -ross xeI :h- [Link] be 30 million
poucrd5 at intti.1 :.a/!cff (Zar:h [Link])
0:' course, I.^ 't aellow th martans to ref"e'th e Veh.1-e
to' I hRve only two [Link]* an11- the Erc533 ro%!-d be o,-17
I-\)
1,2 tle3 he ayload, 1.t.. 23"M3~ ;c.n3 -his -Sould

requ'va bringlnir -lectroiycll. anl1 '1f1;-stn:- euIp~ent and sitting

at the Southi Pole lonR erou~h to extract '4cl *7b: .h hourney hcroe,
s t tey have not asked '-sf'or:)2123 0-.r c esns (ele-troiysls
to naI4- Tli)would b, cbviou-s to YartClen tltsz-cres ![Link] t!hey ni
conctllvc0y follow such a plan, at Ireycane har-e without
zorokno-mled~e that ~Ertlh has a 0:tsin

[Link]'.3 for a trip fro:: a aa5 ed to 3oMe 2Zar

alnt
oth-r than the Sun can be calculated in a simls.' mannlr. Here the
ener,-y (or velocity) require-i has :zore parts: W~ escape rroci the
planet (b) escape f'rom the star (c) e=oU~h 7el2o:t7 to traverse a
feielight years of' space InresnbeteC) decel-rntior toward
the Sun (e) deceleration toward the Earth. 7he nearest wellEIble"
star Is an Object callei -TOlt 359 (s.'9rtferenz 4, p 52), at a
distance of 9.0 lijsht years. 1. 10 snaPl1, [Link] an absolute xag-
nitude of' 16.6 and Is typical or "reJ dwarfs" A aeup core
then hall' of'the elijible populatiobs. 37 compsa-1son with smziler
stars o,' known zrass, this Star 1s e t!=Atd to tavje a MOss rouzhlyT
9.03 as great as the sun. Sinte the star has a Ioiwlunithosity (Delng
much cooler an"' sraller then. the Sun) a habitable. pla9net would need
to be In a [Link] orbit for warmth.-
0O' the chen-es of enerry required 8s l1ste- !:%the preceding
pnreerqph, it('. %'0),vnlocit7 to0 tr571mt imt -senng space, 13 so
lar)Ft. as to m~ake tha otl-ers co~pl,2t-ly [Link]. If the visitors
-mere lonsg lived and -could "hbrnt
'o -0yeasbohc rran
eoin.r, thn 1/1) the spied or li;ht xwouli ve required, i:e, ho
onor-oous Velocity Of' 18,M~ Mtiles per sc L.-3 1,3 COcpletely
beyond the reach or' any pr-di~wd lovel of rozcket orcoulsjon.
if a race yere far enouih adva--ed to make really fliclint use
of nuclear inergy, then a lar;-e pa.-t or the zas3 of' the nuclear ica-
terial mi~ht be converted into jvt ie ave no idea how
Irty
to do this, in fact rfrn'6 ind!-!et! thst trc =at--.!a13 -!qui.-d.
to wihtn h eprt-rs -ta- rsy !-?deta~ un~attain-
able. Let us start from. a jatpcpl -O;-,ossw~etcht ratio c"
.75. If'the total amtount of expende zateril I(nuclear plus propell-
Int) can be-.85 of thea ;rOss V014%t, tr:en tne nuclear :ater.8l expended
can be'.10 of the -,rc-ss. Us.'nV en o.6 for c-onvertine
Or-enc
nuclear nnervy to jet cner-E7 and grlelltonss =a2 cor-
rections, then a rocket velocity of h:al.. r?. v':It!"y or IIh- could
be attained. This would nmear a t-rnsit, cin --r 1-3 jetrs eAc1h way frc
the Jtar Wolf 359, or loriger r!:nes rc ote !.-iblc 31ars. T'o try
to -o rch fete ould =-!an 3pcnd1In.P "r-r n rela-!v~ stlt charq -
in nas.l ind th~refor- operaetin- 91, l,-!o: ilc!-ncy.

eA.'l~ally rhr,!e :)[Link].On1tne tri3 '9 arn nercz sose u

be *' X"'t uk .o%"~en 3.? T~""I':
505 [Link] ~'e the
tbird would be [Link]. The f' -It sae51 c rtnavviy durln;
fll:ht. On. :I,- tr~p ba'k%to 'Aari, Oh ecr nd -hMri ita -'e aculld

he
... veh)I
To 3uarlze this section of the discussion, it call 'te 32i1
t~ta tr-ip2 fr Mars3 13 a lo !_cal en.-insering alvarc IOver Our Owfl
present technic-al status, OLt that a trlp frona another star 373'e=
recullres i--croveerts of' proculaion that me hae nct yet .cie
Corzininx the L-ftort3 of' all the science-tiction.- writers, ve
could c-cn~ur!- up a large numther of hypothetizal irethods3 of trans13r-
taticn lik e WraVltY shields, sPace Overdrive$, telftport3, ZIctU12ar3,
[Link] beans ard so on. Con~ceivably, among the myriads of' 3ellar
3YSteZ3 in the Galaxy, cne or more races have discovered [Link] of
travel that would be fintastic by our stan.'4rds. Yet the larzgr the
volure Of' space that =ust. be includ-ed in order to stre..then this
possibility, the lower mill be the chanqe thqt the race !r.-:lve!d
wculd ever find the earth. The Galaxy has a dianeter of' -auchly
lOO,CDO lizzht year! and a total =a33 aocut two hundred billton times
that of' the Sun (reference 4). Other ;alaxies have been photo~raphed
and etiated In nun=bers of several hundred :-illion (reference 2,
P. 4) at distances up to billions of lt;ht years (referen~x 7, p,158).
The nurber of StR '3 In the known universe is enorrot-s, y-t so are the
iiitanc-s involieJ. A super-race (unless they occur Vrfnly ould
nlot be likely to stuczble Lpon Planet III of Sol, a fit-antd
star In the rarefied outskirts at tileGa~xy.
A [Link]
a the probable operating characteristics of space
ai'ps =ust be based on the ssu-option that they will be rockets,
since this is the cyfor= of' propulsion that we know will function
In outer space. 2.,bom art listed a tew at the significant factors at
rocketry In relation to the "tlylln~ objects"~.
(a) Mareuverability. A special-purpose rocks-- can be =Aa as
oaneuverable as we like, with very hteh accelerations either alzng
or nornal to the flI~ht path. Hzwevi~r, a hI±z-pcrfor.-.noe space zhip
will certainly be large and unwieliy and coull [Link] be destined to
zlaneuvir frivolously around In the Earth's stu-osphere. The only
econonmlaal maneuver mould be to coce down and e-o up =ore or [Link] vtr-
tically.
(b) Fuel reserves. It is hard to s~i how a sin~lt rock<et ship
coul;d carry enough extra fudl to rake repeated [Link] into the
Earth's atosphers. The larcFe runb-r of' tlyin-9 objects re!ported In
qulck succession 1co,1d only- zan a large nunber of' vislitIng traft.
TWO po33stbllItIas3 thus are pr13'3nted. First, a nu-ober ot 30oece
ships cotl- have come as a ircup. Ihis would only be done tifull-
dres33 Contact were to be eitaolished. Second, nuo_,cus 3Znall craft
mi±?ht des-ent fro= a 7rother ship which costs around the Farth In
a satellite orbit. But this culd ean that the snflr rat. would
1-%7.! to b, ro-kts ot satfillte perrorrnanct, en! to h-t hocn
=:ther shlip .mld ha'.,c to be tru'ly qnorrou.'
(c) Aparanie, A ver"'t:ly descendinz rocket nI!' veP.
4ppI-2r as a 1u=!nous. d1sk to a n-rvon UIrt-.y b-lov. Osr',a
a listAnie, howiver, vcula 3urely !Ientl-y -.hi rocc- for r:i
really7 13. There XT:Ild prota. : 1. -O-o re:Port3 o' l'u Iv
than or' eid--n vieri. Of' :course, the shape n-?d not be tI~ f
cur VOCk-t3; :.,t the exhas-,- 3hould1 b ' ciZY '0 3e1.
-fim&MA4 -- 7

one c. two a"t,,a1 -eeral : ~--:sk i-7arV

=ST
ptu1ar. to sly th least. As '&r R;s T::: -Cs, !

O-er [Link]. Th- ar" cc~re !- -- - '*

*t. the

TLOe1!)C, of ip~?arent In tc e eo--sodzs . 1 &l30

'eelln p out" o,-,- defences without wsntn tc -e lijje-c. .. if sc,
Ihe aut ha betn alt siel 1c,- szo th&
a:t, he
it Se ru1tl ss rc- h - to kelp:~ & zz x-

Concluencs:
Althouzh vIs~ts f%.:- oter'spa-e ir, :elte'edi zo ottcb
they ari' believed to be -ve:-y !Zp:able. in psa',: ctlc=3
attributed :o che "~~:cbje -s3' reclo:Zd . z 1t-7 an-i 1948
seq:- 1nconst.-nt wth '- :'eI-ccns fa:' 33a::- t'av'1.

Xissi-es DI-13jon

JEL:sp
at a :'.nt-s
Il. ar'th, Mcon and Fjqn. 3',a by 7. [Link], Fer7a.-d -cks on
Astronomy, 3lak!3tor, 1941.
2. "Ate;.s, St.R'3 and Nebulae", by ~:j 'od~,
ar -dr Books
or Astronomy. Blakliton, 1943.
3."The Story of VY!sabe 3tsr-sv, 77 4Cw-pbe11 and ;scts, F.3r-
7ard Boo~ks on Astrono=y, Blaiston, 1945.
4. "Tht M4ilky -lay", by Bo 3n! Bok Barvar! ?oics on A-rcnoemy,
Blskiszon 1941.
5. Calcul-ited ?:'ooortles Of *-o~an- 3to H
E17- 7t per
at~res. Data prov!2ed to ?Xi Dy r.A!=.n, -..Ien i~ JPL. t;U ished.
6. "The Us, or Ato=!o Fcw-r for R-t:kets% by R, Ber-er, Appendix
V.' Second ,uarter!7 Rapcr'.. yA-15:C4. [Link].~rt
o., 1-..Poc
Rind.
7. "Gqjlaxes, by Shnple7, Barl1a; hartari 3 Tn As-cn7
liakts'on D3