Mapua Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

ME136P/E01
Materials Testing and Processes

Experiment # 2
Bending Test on Mild Steel

Eriane Miguel M. Garcia Oct 08, 2020

Oct 18, 2020

Engr. Jonathan S. Dondon

Professor
Objective
 To study the behavior of the mild steel rod subjected to a gradual increasing
equal loads to 1/3rd span.
 To determine mechanical properties.
Discussion
In a bend test. Take a look at, a specimen undergoes deformation at its
point ensuing into having a depressed surface or a bend by its center while not the
incidence of fracture. throughout a bend test, a sample of the fabric are going to be
loaded in ways in which it creates a depressed surface at its point with a selected
radius of curvature consistent with the standards in reference to which the test is
performed. These are sometimes performed to work out the material’s plasticity,
bend strength, fracture strength, or its resistance to fracture.
By evaluating the material’s physical characteristics, the result can
confirm whether or not the fabric can fail struggling, and these are particularly
necessary in any construction processes that involve ductile materials loaded with
bending forces. Once a fabric shows sign of fracture throughout the bend test, it
might be valid to assume that the fabric can fail in any sensible applications. In
addition to that, bend test deform the test material at the point inflicting a
depressed surface or a bend to create while not the incidence of fracture and
generally performed to work out the plasticity or resistance to fracture that
material. Not like during a flexure test, the goal isn't to load the fabric till failure
however, rather to deform the sample into a selected form. The take a look at
sample is loaded during a method that makes a depressed surface at the point with
a radius of curvature consistent with the quality in reference to that the take a look
at is performed.
Bending test are widespread as tensile test, compression test, and fatigue
tests. Generally, a bending test is performed on metals or bimetallic materials,
however it can even be applied to any substance which has plastic deformation,
like polymers and plastics. Normally, these materials may be in any possible form,
however once tested they'd sometimes be in types of sheets, strips, bars, shells, and
pipes. A preferred use of the bending test is that the testing of welds. The aim of
bend testing welds is to create positive that the weld has properly amalgamated to
the parent metal which the weld doesn't contain any defects which will cause it to
fail once being applied with bending stresses. The weld are going to be deemed
acceptable to use if it holds and shows no sign of fracture throughout and when it’s
bending.
There are four common bend tests: target-hunting, semi-guided, free bend, and
customary fracture toughness test.
During a target-hunting test, the sample is placed horizontally across 2
supports and so a force is applied to its point, deforming the sample into “U” form.
During a semi-guided bend test, the specimen’s point is bend to a selected angle or
radius. During a free bend test, the ends of the sample are pushed, however no
force is applied to the bend itself. During a common fracture toughness test, the
sample is with a pre-cracked starter crack on the lowest facet by its point that is
loaded into a 3-point bend fixture so the point force is applied on the face from the
fracture. Purpose of Bend Testing: Bend testing a fabric permits for the
determination of that materials plasticity, bend strength, fracture strength and
resistance to fracture. These characteristics may be wont to confirm whether or not
a fabric can fail struggling and are particularly necessary in any construction
method involving ductile materials loaded with bending forces. If a fabric begins to
fracture or fully fractures throughout a 3 or 4 purpose test it's valid to assume that
the fabric can fail underneath the same in any application, which can cause harmful
failure.
Types of Materials utilized in Bending Applications:
Generally a bending take a look at is performed on metals or bimetallic
materials however can even be applied to any substance which will experience
plastic deformation, like polymers and plastics. These materials will take any
possible form however once utilized in a bend take a look at most ordinarily seem
in sheets, strips, bars, shells, and pipes. Bend take a look at machines are ordinarily
used on materials that have associate tolerably high plasticity.
Common Use of this test:
One of the additional widespread uses of bend testing is within the space
of welds. the aim of bend testing welds is to create positive that the weld has
properly amalgamated to the parent metal which the weld itself doesn't contain any
defects which will cause it to fail once it experiences bending stresses. The sample
weld is distorted employing a target-hunting bend take a look at so it forms a “U”
subjecting the fabric on the outer surface to a tensile force and also the material on
the within to a compressive force. If the weld holds and shows no sign of fracture
it's passed the take a look at and is deemed a suitable weld.
Procedures:
1. When you click on a Bending test on mild steel, a new window will open as
shown below.

2. Click on the NEXT button at the bottom right corner to move to the next
step.
3. Click on the specimen, then to measure the diameter click on vernier
calliper, and then click on NEXT button

4. Click on measuring scale to measure the length of the specimen.

5. Here, click on hand to mark center and 1/3rd points on the specimen to
mount dial gauge

6. Click on chalk marked specimen to keep it in experimental setup.

7. To start the loading click on GREEN button.

8. Click RED button to stop the loading process, click download data to
download the test observations
9. The failure pattern of the specimen is shown here, click NEXT button to
view the graphs.

[Link] on VIEW DATA to view the test observations and VIEW SLOPE to
view the slope drawn to the plot.
[Link] on VIEW DATA to view the test observations and VIEW SLOPE to
view the slope drawn to the plot.

[Link] the calculated value and then click CHECK to verify the result.
Engineering Materials and Testings
Laboratory
Experiment No.: 2

BENDING TEST ON MILD STEEL

Preliminary Data Sheet
Name: Garcia, Eriane Miguel M. Date: October 18, 2020
Section: OL52 Group No.: -
Result: Actual: Calculated:
Moment of Inertia about the neutral 17163.42 17172.13
axis, I (mm4)
Stress at yield point (MPa) 495.55 495.55
Modulus of Elasticity, E (GPa) 211.93 211.93
Assisted By: Approved By:

__________________________ Engr. Jonathan Dondon

ME-UTM ENGINEER INSTRUCTOR

Sample Computation:

Moment of Inertia about the neutral axis, I (mm4)

4
π d 2 π (24.32) mm4
¿ = =¿17172.13
64 64
Stress at yield point (MPa)

WL d
¿ x =495.55 Mpa
6I 2
Modulus of Elasticity, E (GPa)

3
23 ( L3 ) (slope)(9.81) 23 ( 690 ) ( 0.063)( 9.81)
¿ = =211.93Gpa
(1286)( I ) 1286(17172.16)

Questions:
1. What is bending strength?
- Flexural strength, additionally called modulus of rupture, or bend
strength, or cross rupture strength is a kind of material property, defines
the stress in a material right before it yields in a flexure test. The
transverse bending test is most often used, during which a specimen
having either a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent till fracture or
yielding employing a 3-purpose flexural check technique. The flexural
strength represents the very best stress toughened among the fabric at its
moment of yield.
2. Which type of load is applied here?
- A special two-point loading set-up is used in this experiment where a
force is applied across a plate. In simple terms, to find out the bending
strength of the mild steel rod, which only has contact with the sample at
two points an axial load is advisable.
3. Which is the IS code used for bend test on steel?
- According to what I’ve researched the relevant Indian standard code used
for bend test on steel is “IS 1599 (2012)”. Method of test for determining
shear strength of metals”.
4. What is the equation governing simple bending?
- The Simple Bending Equation applies to simply supported beams

Where:

M = the Maximum Bending Moment

σ = the Tensile Strength of the material (obtainable from tables or by
experiment)
I = the Moment of Inertia about the Neutral Axis (for a rectangular beam
this is its breadth times the depth cubed divided by 12).
y = the distance of the Neutral Axis from the maximum stress (for a
uniform rectangular beam this is half the depth)
f = bending stress
R = radius of curvature

5. How is the failure of ductile and brittle materials under bending load?
- Before their failure, ductile materials are more likely to undergo plastic
deformation, whereas a brittle material is more likely to will have little
plastic deformation but will fracture faster. According to engineering
applications, ductile materials and its resulting fracture is ideal. The crack
is stable in a ductile material failure, which means that it can further
resist extension if no stress is consistently applied. Moreover, when the
crack of a brittle material failure is unstable, meaning that it has no rise in
tension, which means it can easily spread. In addition, ductile materials
have a high absorption of energy before it fractures on the other hand, a
weak material has a poor absorption of energy before fractures. Also, the
fracture of these two are alike which means it is completely different.
Furthermore, brittle materials based on observation will experience rapid
crack propagation which means there are no plastic deformation , while,
ductile materials is known for undergoing different types of failures such
as necking, formation of voids and cavities, Progression of voids into
cracks, Crack propagation by shear deformation, and fracture.
Discussion
In this experiment was executed in order for us to study the behavior of
the mild steel rod subjected to a gradual increasing equal loads to 1/3rd span and to
determine mechanical properties.
Performing the bending test on the mild steel helps the student to
understand the concept of bending and its applications. The medium us was a
simulator link demonstrating the process of bending test in which dimension of the
steel were measured in order to get the computed value of its Moment of Inertia
about the neutral axis, Stress at yield point, and lastly Modulus of elasticity (E).
Conclusion
After the experiment was executed I believe that the students able to learn
through the objectives that was set. Through observations the students were able to
see on what will happened on a mild steel rod when undergo a certain force forcing
it to bend. On a bend test, the mild steel rod was bend resulting to a plastic
deformation due to the load applied by the UTM. The plastic deformation that
happened to the material clearly indicates that it is a ductile material. More of
which, we have also been able to determine the mechanical properties of the
sample, such as its elasticity modulus, the moment of inertia, tension of yield, etc.
Most importantly, even though that the experiment was done through a simulation
the students able to sink in some knowledge and reflect the learning through their
everyday life.
Recommendation
In accomplishing the experiment, I believe the objective were reach even
though it is done by a simulator. More of which , to be able to fully understand the
simulation try to screenshot the step by step procedure to be able to follow the
values given by the simulation in each corresponding steps. Moreover try to
understand the theory more before answering the relative question given at the end
of the [Link] addition to that, I would like to also recommend that there
should be a hands on experience because it is quite different when simulating and
doing it by yourself.

References
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bending
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explanation/