CONJUNCTION
A. CAUSE AND EFFECT MEANING FOR ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
a. because, since, as means because
because/ since/ as + Subj + Pred, Subj + Pred = Subj + Pred + because/
since/ as + Subj + Pred
to be (is/am/are/was/were/been)
Predicate
Verbs (Verb.1/ Verb.2)
Modals (can/could/will/ would/ must/ should/have/had/etc)
dont/ doesnt/ didnt + Verb.1
Note! now that/ as long as/ inasmuch as also means because and followed by Subj
+ Predicate
Examples!
1. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.= Since he was sleepy, he went to
bed. = As he was sleepy, he went to bed.
2. Since he is not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the
concert. = .
3. Yahya called and invited his friends to see the movie last night as he had
nothing in particular to do. = .
Rewrite this sentence uses cause and effect conjunctions
4.
5.
6.
b.
We have to wear warm clothes. It is winter now.
Do you want to go for a walk? The rain has stopped.
The civil war has ended. A new government is being formed.
because of, due to means because
Because of/ due to + noun phrase, Subj +
Predicate
Examples!
1. Because of the cold weather, we stayed at home.= Due to the cold weather,
we stayed at home.
2. the beauty, everyone falls in love her. = .
3. We will cancel to go the beach because the weather is bad. Change the
conjunction using because of/ due to (= We will cancel to go the beach
because of the bad weather.)
4. Most of the students did the test long time the difficult test.
5. We were late to the meeting because the traffic was heavy. Change the
conjunction using because of/ due to
6.
Exercise!
Complete using because/since/as, or because of/ due to
1. It was difficult to deliver the letter the sender had written the wrong
address on the envelope.
2. We decided to leave early the party was boring.
3. Rescue attempts were temporarily halted the bad weather.
4. They visited their friends often they enjoyed their company.
5. Pupon cannot go to the football game his grades.
6. Jumirah was awarded a scholarship her supervisor scholastic ability.
7. Nobody ventures outdoors the hurricane warnings.
8. We plan to spend our vacation in the mountain the air is purer there.
9. We have to drive around the bay the bridge was destroyed in the storm.
10.The chickens have died the intense heat.
B. ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH, IN SPITE OF, DESPITE FOR
CONTRADICTIVE CLAUSES
a. although/ even though/ though means however
Although/ even though/ though + Subj + Pred, Subj
+ Pred =
Examples!
1. Even though the weather was cold, the children were swimming. = The
children were swimming even though the weather was cold.
2. The students are very diligent to study it is holiday.
b. in spite of/ despite
In spite of/ despite + Noun Phrase, Subj + Predicate
Examples!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The students are very diligent to study in spite of the holiday.
I went swimming the cold weather. = .
the dirty and flooding area, the people like living in the bank of the river.
his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. = .
Jane will be admitted to the university her bad grades. = .
Exercise!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
her dislike for coffee, she drank it to keep herself warm.
Marry will take a plane she dislikes flying.
of Dianas sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile.
We took many pictures the was sky was cloudy.
her poor memory, the old man told interesting stories to the children.
he has been absent frequently, he has managed to pass the test.
Nancila told me the secret having promised not to do so.
We plan to buy ticket for the drawing we know we will not win a prize.
the high price, my daughters insist on going to the movies every Saturday
night.
10.He ate the chocolate cake he is on a diet.
11.It was difficult to deliver the letter the sender had written the wrong
address on the envelope.
12.We decided to leave early the party was boring.
13.Rescue attempts were temporarily halted the bad weather.
14.They visited their friends often they enjoyed their company.
15.Pupon cannot go to the football game his grades.
16.Jumirah was awarded a scholarship her supervisor scholastic ability.
17.Nobody ventures outdoors the hurricane warnings.
18.We plan to spend our vacation in the mountain the air is purer there.
19.We have to drive around the bay the bridge was destroyed in the storm.
20.The chickens have died the intense heat.
21.
Rewrite this sentence uses cause and effect conjunctions
7.
8.
9.
c.
We have to wear warm clothes. It is winter now.
Do you want to go for a walk? The rain has stopped.
The civil war has ended. A new government is being formed.
because of, due to means because
3. moreover/ nevertheless = namun begitu
Digunakan untuk menghubungkan kedua klausa bahwa klausa kedua berlawanan
makna dengan klausa pertama
1. Mr. Hasan is rich he goes to work by bicycle.
2. Rina comes from the rich family she makes a friend from the poor man.
4.when = ketika
Digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa yang ditandai dengan waktu ketika
terjadinya klausa kedua
1. I could swim I was 10 years old.
2. He was working in the garden I came there.
4. So that = maka/ maka dari itu
Digunakan untuk menghubungkan kedua klausa yang memiliki makna tujuan
pada klausa kedua (sebagai akibat dari klausa pertama)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
She studied hard she passed her exam yesterday.
I think I am very handsome I have many friends everywhere.
Mr. Ramli works hard he can get much money.
Will you let me know about your party I can make plan to attend?
She is sending the package early it will arrive in time.
5.so/therefore = sehingga
Digunakan untuk menghubungkan kedua klausa bahwa klausa kedua sebagai
akibat dari pernyataan klausa pertama
1. He was so tired he went to bed.
2. Ratna did not study last night she failed her test.
If = jika, digunakan untuk menghubngkan kedua klausa yang memiliki hubungan
persaratan
1. I will buy a novel I have much money.
2.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (QUESTION WORDS)
DS
: Main Clause, Q.W ..?
IS
: Main Clause + Q.W + Subj + Predicate
Look at!
DS : Main Clause, Q.W + is/am/are + S + Verb?
+ S + was/were
do/does
Verb2
modals (pr)
modals (past)
I S : Main Clause + Q.W
have/has
had + Verb3
did
had + Verb3
DS:
IS:
yesterday
the day before
last .
the before
ago
the before
tomorrow
the following day
next
the following .
now
then
today
that day
here
there
this
that
Examples:
1. Foreigner
Domestic
2. Ida
Yacub
: What is your name?
: Foreigner asked me what my name was.
: Where do you live?
: I live in Plupuh.
What did Ida asked to Yacub? Ida asked him where he lived
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
She asked him, How did you go to Boyolali yesterday?
Harun asked me, Why can you speak English well?
Siti asked Daud, How long have you finished your book?
Husna :Why do you look sad?
Hasan : Why didnt you come to my party last night?
Dita
: Im so sorry. I had to accompany my mother to dentist.
Hasan asked Dita .
Nana : I wish my father (not, be) angry with me.
8. Mr. Ali
Daughter
: When has Jono met you before?
: I have met him since we were at senior high school, dad.
Mr. Ali asked his daughter .
9. Firman
:What is your name?
Fatia
: My name is Fatia.
Rully
: What did Firman question to you?
Fatia
10.Donal
Hanung
Donal
: He asked me .
:Where will you bring me your novel?
: I will bring it for you next Monday.
: O.K. Thank you.
Change the underlined direct speech into indirect speech!
11.Henry talks to his dog as if it (understand) him. The fact is .
12.If they had left the house earlier, they (not) so late to get the airport.
13.I (tell) you about it last night if had seen the movie.
14.Had Bob not interfered in his sisters marital problems, there (be) peace
between them.
15.I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework..
16.Bety talked a bout the contest as if she had won ?
17.
