This project is a digital clock (PM/AM : HH : MM : SS) that resets every 12 hours and includes an AM/PM extension. It was implemented and simulated using Proteus with D Flip-Flops, decoders, and gates, and later built on a breadboard using 7490 Decade Counters.

This project was an excellent learning journey in digital electronics: using and/or/not gates, flip-flop behavior, reset logic, 7-segment displays, and simplification of logic circuits.

• Designing a clock system from scratch using digital logic
• Sequential logic design and binary counting principles
• Frequency generation using a 555 timer (1Hz pulse)
• Simulating T flip-flops using D flip-flops with XOR simplification
• Carry and reset mechanism implementation
• BCD to 7-segment decoding via 7447 ICs
• AM/PM toggling logic
• Circuit simplification techniques for breadboarding
• Differences between simulation and physical implementation

• 555 Timer – 1
• 100μF Capacitor – 1
• 4.7kΩ Resistors – 2
• D Flip-Flops (7474) – 20 (10 ICs)
• 7447 Decoders – 7
• 7-Segment Displays – 7
• NOT Gates – 3 ICs
• AND Gates – 3 ICs

• Decade Counters (7490) – 7
• 555 Timer – 1
• 100μF Capacitor – 1
• 4.7kΩ Resistors – 2
• 7447 Decoders – 7
• 7-Segment Displays – 7
• NOT Gates – 3 ICs
• AND Gates – 3 ICs

• Used in astable mode to generate a 1Hz pulse (1 pulse per second).
• Achieved using: 555 Timer + 100μF capacitor + 2× 4.7kΩ resistors.
• This pulse is fed into the clock input of the least significant flip-flop.

Each decimal digit is implemented using flip-flops:

• Units of Seconds/Minutes/Hours – 4 flip-flops (0–9)
• Tens of Seconds/Minutes – 3 flip-flops (0–5)
• Tens of Hours – 1 flip-flop (0–1)

We can simulate a T flip-flop using a D flip-flop by wiring the complement output (Q') back to the data input (D):

To mimic a T flip-flop using a D flip-flop:

D = T ⊕ Q

When T = 1: → D = ~Q → D = Q'

So we connect Q' directly to D to achieve toggling behavior.

• Each decimal digit resets after reaching its max (9 for units, 5 for tens).

• Use AND gates to detect a binary pattern (e.g., 1010 = 10).
• Use NOT gates to invert bits as needed.
• Feed the final signal to the Reset pins of the flip-flops (active low).

• Detect when Hours = 12 (Binary: Tens = 1, Units = 0010).
• Use an AND gate to combine these conditions.
• Reset all counters and toggle AM/PM flip-flop.

• A single D flip-flop toggled on every 12-hour cycle.
• Output connected to segment C of a 7-segment display:
  • Segment C lit = PM
  • Segment C off = AM

Only segment C is used (others tied to VCC/GND), effectively displaying a light for PM.

To simplify the circuit on the breadboard, we replaced flip-flop counters with 7490 ICs.

• Built-in decade counting (0–9)
• Reset pins simplify logic
• Faster prototyping

• For tens digits (max 5), use AND + NOT gates for binary 6 detection to reset.
• For hours reset at 12: use an AND gate combining:
  • Units = 2 (0010)
  • Tens = 1 (0001)

AM/PM toggle logic remains the same.

• Implemented with individual flip-flops, AND/NOT logic gates, and 7447 decoders.

• Used 7490 counters and simplified reset logic.
• Display logic preserved using 7447 + 7-segment.