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Base Chain

There are impactful changes and part of the information might be outdated.

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About

Base is an Optimistic Rollup built with the OP Stack. It offers a low-cost and builder-friendly way for anyone, anywhere, to build onchain.


  • Total Value SecuredTVS
    $11.61 B6.89%
  • Past day UOPSDaily UOPS
    100.7312.1%
  • Stage
  • Gas token
    ETH

  • Type
    Optimistic Rollup
  • Purpose
    Universal
  • Chain ID
    8453

  • Tokens breakdown

    Value secured breakdown

    View TVS breakdown
    Sequencer failureState validationData availabilityExit windowProposer failure

    Badges

    About

    Base is an Optimistic Rollup built with the OP Stack. It offers a low-cost and builder-friendly way for anyone, anywhere, to build onchain.


    Total
    Canonically BridgedCanonically Bridged ValueCanonical
    Natively MintedNatively Minted TokensNative
    Externally BridgedExternally Bridged ValueExternal

    ETH & derivatives
    Stablecoins
    BTC & derivatives
    Other

    2025 Mar 15 — 2026 Mar 15

    Past Day UOPS
    100.72
    Past Day Ops count
    8.70 M
    Max. UOPS
    232.02
    2026 Feb 05
    Past day UOPS/TPS Ratio
    1.07

    The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.


    2025 Mar 15 — 2026 Mar 15


    Total cost
    $1.17 M
    Avg cost per L2 UOP
    $0.000301
    Avg cost per day
    $3.21 K

    This section shows how much data the project publishes to its data-availability (DA) layer over time. The project currently posts data toEthereumEthereum.


    2025 Mar 15 — 2026 Mar 15


    Data posted
    555.36 GiB
    Avg size per day
    1.51 GiB
    Avg size per L2 UOP
    152.44 B

    This section shows how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type. It also highlights anomalies - significant deviations from their typical schedule.

    No ongoing anomalies detected

    Avg. tx data subs. interval
    Avg. state updates interval
    Past 30 days anomalies

    Base leaves the Superchain

    2026 Mar 4th

    Base decouples from Optimism Superchain governance with its own upgrade path.

    Learn more

    Base halts block production for 33mins

    2025 Aug 5th

    Learn more
    Sequencer failureState validationData availabilityExit windowProposer failure
    Sequencer failure
    Self sequence

    In the event of a sequencer failure, users can force transactions to be included in the project’s chain by sending them to L1. There can be up to a 12h delay on this operation.

    State validation
    Fraud proofs (INT)

    Fraud proofs allow actors watching the chain to prove that the state is incorrect. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve.

    Data availability
    Onchain

    All of the data needed for proof construction is published on Ethereum L1.

    Exit window
    None

    There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted regular upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable. Upgrades need to be approved by 2 parties: the Base Coordinator Multisig and the Base Security Council.

    Proposer failure
    Self propose

    Anyone can be a Proposer and propose new roots to the L1 bridge.

    Base Chain
    Base Chain is a
    Stage 1
    Optimistic Rollup.
    The project passes the walkaway test: users can exit in the presence of malicious operators even if the Security Council disappears.

    Learn more about Rollup stages
    Please keep in mind that these stages do not reflect rollup security, this is an opinionated assessment of rollup maturity based on subjective criteria, created with a goal of incentivizing projects to push toward better decentralization. Each team may have taken different paths to achieve this goal.

    All data required for proofs is published on chain

    All the data that is used to construct the system state is published on chain in the form of cheap blobs or calldata. This ensures that it will be available for enough time.

    1. Derivation: Batch submission - OP Mainnet specs
    2. BatchInbox - address
    3. OptimismPortal2.sol - source code, depositTransaction function
    Learn more about the DA layer here: Ethereum logoEthereum
    Node software

    The rollup node is composed of two software components: op-node, implementing consensus related logic, and op-geth, implementing execution logic. The configuration file can be found here.

    Compression scheme

    Data batches are compressed using the zlib algorithm with best compression level.

    Genesis state

    The genesis file can be found here.

    Data format

    The format specification of Sequencer’s data batches can be found here.

    A diagram of the state validation
    A diagram of the state validation

    Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by anyone who has sufficient funds. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.


    State root proposals

    Proposers submit state roots as children of the latest confirmed state root (called anchor state), by calling the create function in the DisputeGameFactory. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. Each proposal requires a stake, currently set to 0.08 ETH, that can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. Stakes can be withdrawn only after the proposal has been confirmed. A state root gets confirmed if the challenge period has passed and it is not countered.

    1. OP stack specification: Fault Dispute Game
    Challenges

    Challenges are opened to disprove invalid state roots using bisection games. Each bisection move requires a stake that increases expontentially with the depth of the bisection, with a factor of 1.09493. The maximum depth is 73, and reaching it therefore requires a cumulative stake of 691.43 ETH from depth 0. Actors can participate in any challenge by calling the defend or attack functions, depending whether they agree or disagree with the latest claim and want to move the bisection game forward. Actors that disagree with the top-level claim are called challengers, and actors that agree are called defenders. Each actor might be involved in multiple (sub-)challenges at the same time, meaning that the protocol operates with full concurrency. Challengers and defenders alternate in the bisection game, and they pass each other a clock that starts with 3d 12h. If a clock expires, the claim is considered defeated if it was countered, or it gets confirmed if uncountered. Since honest parties can inherit clocks from malicious parties that play both as challengers and defenders (see freeloader claims), if a clock gets inherited with less than 3h, it generally gets extended by 3h with the exception of 6h right before depth 30, and 1d right before the last depth. The maximum clock extension that a top level claim can get is therefore 10d. Since unconfirmed state roots are independent of one another, users can decide to exit with a subsequent confirmed state root if the previous one is delayed. Winners get the entire losers’ stake, meaning that sybils can potentially play against each other at no cost. The final instruction found via the bisection game is then executed onchain in the MIPS one step prover contract who determines the winner. The protocol does not enforce valid bisections, meaning that actors can propose correct initial claims and then provide incorrect midpoints. The protocol can be subject to resource exhaustion attacks (Spearbit 5.1.3).

    1. Fraud Proof Wars: OPFP

    Program Hashes

    Name
    Hash
    Repository
    Verification
    Used in
    0x033c...bb6e
    Base Chain logoOP Mainnet logoInk logoUnichain logoMode Network logo

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    A diagram of the upgrades and governance
    A diagram of the upgrades and governance

    All contracts are upgradable by a ProxyAdmin contract controlled by a nested 2/2 Base Governance Multisig composed of the Base Coordinator Multisig and the Base Security Council. Upgrades require approval from both parties. There is no delay on upgrades. The Guardian role for the SuperchainConfig is assigned to the Base Governance Multisig, which can pause and unpause withdrawals. Base Multisig 1 serves as Incident Responder and can pause withdrawals but cannot unpause or extend pauses. Each pause automatically expires after 3 months if not extended by the Guardian. The single Sequencer actor can be modified by Base Multisig 1 via the SystemConfig contract. The Base Governance multisig can also recover dispute bonds in case of bugs that would distribute them incorrectly.

    The system has a centralized operator

    The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.

    • MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

    Users can force any transaction

    Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly.

    1. Sequencing Window - OP Mainnet Specs
    2. OptimismPortal2.sol - source code, depositTransaction function

    Regular exits

    The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When a state root containing such transaction is settled, the funds become available for withdrawal on L1 after 3d 12h. Withdrawal inclusion can be proven before state root settlement, but a 7d period has to pass before it becomes actionable. The process of state root settlement takes a challenge period of at least 3d 12h to complete. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.

    1. OptimismPortal2.sol - Etherscan source code, proveWithdrawalTransaction function
    2. OptimismPortal2.sol - Etherscan source code, finalizeWithdrawalTransaction function

    Forced messaging

    If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular L2->L1 messaging they can submit their messages directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request or halt all messages, including forced withdrawals from L1 and regular messages initiated on L2. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular message.

    1. Forced withdrawal from an OP Stack blockchain

    EVM compatible smart contracts are supported

    OP stack chains are pursuing the EVM Equivalence model. No changes to smart contracts are required regardless of the language they are written in, i.e. anything deployed on L1 can be deployed on L2.

    1. Introducing EVM Equivalence
    A dashboard to explore contracts and permissions
    Go to Disco
    Disco UI Banner

    Ethereum

    Roles:

    Allowed to pause withdrawals. In op stack systems with a proof system, the Guardian can also blacklist dispute games and set the respected game type (permissioned / permissionless).

    SequencerEOA 1

    Allowed to commit transactions from the current layer to the host chain.

    Actors:

    Base Governance Multisig0x7bB4…595c

    A Multisig with 2/2 threshold.

    • Can upgrade with no delay
      • OptimismMintableERC20Factory
      • DelayedWETH
      • L1StandardBridge
      • DisputeGameFactory
      • OptimismPortal2
      • L1ERC721Bridge
      • DelayedWETH
      • SystemConfig
      • L1CrossDomainMessenger
      • AnchorStateRegistry
      • SuperchainConfig
    • Can interact with AddressManager
      • set and change address mappings
    • A Guardian - acting directly
    Base Multisig 10x1453…E056

    A Multisig with 3/13 threshold.

    • Can interact with SystemConfig
      • it can update the preconfer address, the batch submitter (Sequencer) address and the gas configuration of the system
    • A Guardian - acting directly
    Base Coordinator Multisig0x9855…46A1

    A Multisig with 3/6 threshold. Member of Base Governance Multisig.

    Base Chain

    Actors:

    Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias0x8cC5…6a6d
    • Can upgrade with no delay
      • L2CrossDomainMessenger
      • L2StandardBridge
      • SequencerFeeVault
      • OptimismMintableERC20Factory
      • L1BlockNumber
      • L2ERC721Bridge
      • L1Block
      • L2ToL1MessagePasser
      • OptimismMintableERC721Factory
      • ProxyAdmin
      • BaseFeeVault
      • L1FeeVault
      • SchemaRegistry
      • EAS
    • Can upgrade with no delay
      • FeeDisburser
    A dashboard to explore contracts and permissions
    Go to Disco
    Disco UI Banner
    Note: Contracts presented in this section had their implementations updated since the last time our team looked at this project. The information presented may be inaccurate.
    A diagram of the smart contract architecture
    A diagram of the smart contract architecture

    Ethereum

    The dispute game factory allows the creation of dispute games, used to propose state roots and eventually challenge them.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:

    The OptimismPortal contract is the main entry point to deposit funds from L1 to L2. It also allows to prove and finalize withdrawals. It specifies which game type can be used for withdrawals, which currently is the FaultDisputeGame.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    The following tokens are included in the value secured calculation:
    ETH token logo
    Implementation used in:

    Contains configuration parameters such as the Sequencer address, gas limit on this chain and the unsafe block signer address.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
      • batcherHash: EOA 1
      • owner: Base Multisig 1

    Base’s own SuperchainConfig, used to manage pause states for the Base chain. The guardian and incident responder roles are immutable and set at construction time. The guardian can pause, unpause, and extend pauses, while the incident responder can only pause. Each pause automatically expires after 3 months.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
      • guardian: Base Governance Multisig
      • incident_responder: Base Multisig 1

    The main entry point to deposit ERC20 tokens from host chain to this chain.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig

    All supported tokens in this escrow are included in the value secured calculation.

    Implementation used in:

    Used to bridge ERC-721 tokens from host chain to this chain.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:

    Sends messages from host chain to this chain, and relays messages back onto host chain. In the event that a message sent from host chain to this chain is rejected for exceeding this chain’s epoch gas limit, it can be resubmitted via this contract’s replay function.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:
    ProxyAdmin0x0475…059E
    • Roles:
      • owner: Base Governance Multisig

    A helper contract that generates OptimismMintableERC20 contracts on the network it’s deployed to. OptimismMintableERC20 is a standard extension of the base ERC20 token contract designed to allow the L1StandardBridge contracts to mint and burn tokens. This makes it possible to use an OptimismMintableERC20 as this chain’s representation of a token on the host chain, or vice-versa.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:
    PreimageOracle0x1fb8…aDD3

    The PreimageOracle contract is used to load the required data from L1 for a dispute game.

    Implementation used in:

    Contract designed to hold the bonded ETH for each game. It is designed as a wrapper around WETH to allow an owner to function as a backstop if a game would incorrectly distribute funds.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:
    PermissionedDisputeGame0x58bf…266A

    Same as FaultDisputeGame, but only two permissioned addresses are designated as proposer and challenger.

    Implementation used in:

    The MIPS contract is used to execute the final step of the dispute game which objectively determines the winner of the dispute.

    Implementation used in:

    Contract designed to hold the bonded ETH for each game. It is designed as a wrapper around WETH to allow an owner to function as a backstop if a game would incorrectly distribute funds.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:
    FaultDisputeGame0x6dDB…7499

    Logic of the dispute game. When a state root is proposed, a dispute game contract is deployed. Challengers can use such contracts to challenge the proposed state root.

    Implementation used in:
    Escrow
    Escrow
    0x7F31…9Ef3

    Simple escrow that accepts tokens and allows to configure permissioned addresses that can access the tokens.

    The following tokens are included in the value secured calculation:
    USDS token logosUSDS token logo

    Contains the latest confirmed state root that can be used as a starting point in a dispute game. It specifies which game type can be used for withdrawals, which currently is the FaultDisputeGame.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig
    Implementation used in:

    Escrow for custom external tokens that use the canonical bridge for messaging but are governed externally.

    The following tokens are included in the value secured calculation:
    wstETH token logo

    Custom bridge for USDS and sUSDS managed by Sky governance.

    Base Chain

    The L2CrossDomainMessenger (L2xDM) contract sends messages from L2 to L1, and relays messages from L1 onto L2 with a system tx. In the event that a message sent from L2 to L1 is rejected for exceeding the L1 gas limit, it can be resubmitted via this contract’s replay function.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    The L2StandardBridge contract is the main entry point to deposit or withdraw ERC20 tokens from L2 to L1. This contract can store any token.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Collects the sequencer fees, which are withdrawable to the FeesCollector on L1.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Factory contract to create bridge compliant ERC20 IOU token representations of bridged L1 ERC20 tokens.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Simple contract that returns the latest L1 block number.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    The L2ERC721Bridge contract is the main entry point to deposit or withdraw ERC721 tokens from L2 to L1. This contract can store any token.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Simple contract that returns information about the latest L1 block, which is derived permissionlessly from the L1 chain.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Contract used internally by the L2CrossDomainMessenger to send messages to L1, including withdrawals. It can also be used directly as a low-level interface.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Factory contract to create bridge compliant ERC721 IOU token representations of bridged L1 ERC721 tokens.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias
    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias
      • owner: Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Collects EIP-1559 base fees, which are withdrawable to the FeesCollector on L1.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Collects the L1 portion of the L2 transaction fees, which are withdrawable to the FeesCollector on L1.

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Contracts to register schemas for the Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS).

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias

    Contract containing the main logic for the Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS).

    • Roles:
      • admin: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Base Governance Multisig - L2 Alias
    There are impactful changes to the following contracts, and part of the information might be outdated.

    Contract used to disburse funds from system FeeVault contracts, shares revenue with Optimism and bridges the rest of funds to L1.

    • Roles:
      • admin: EOA 2
    Can be upgraded by:

    The current deployment carries some associated risks:

    • Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. Upgrades must be approved by 2 parties: the Base Coordinator Multisig and the Base Security Council. There is no delay on upgrades.

    Program Hashes

    Name
    Hash
    Repository
    Verification
    Used in
    0x033c...bb6e
    Base Chain logoOP Mainnet logoInk logoUnichain logoMode Network logo

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