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‎README.md‎

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@@ -142,24 +142,24 @@ Lesson | Title | Readings | Topics | Assignment
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----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | -----
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[1](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson01.md) | Overview | -- | Introductions and overview of course | Pre-course survey; Acquire texts
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[2](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson02.md) | Command Line Part I | Shaw: Introduction,<br>Exercise 0,<br>Appendix A | Command line crash course; Text editors | Assignment 1: Basic Shell Commands
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[3](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson03.md) | Command Line Part II | -- | Advanced commands in the bash shell | --
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[4](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson04.ipynb) | Conda, IPython, and Jupyter Notebooks | -- | Conda tutorial including Conda environments, Python packages, and PIP, Python and IPython in the command line, Jupyter notebook tutorial and Python crash course | Assignment 2: Bash, Conda, IPython, and Jupyter
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[3](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson03.md) | Command Line Part II | [The 10 Most Important Linux Commands](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/data/the_10_most_important_linux_commands.md) | Advanced commands in the bash shell | --
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[4](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson04.ipynb) | Conda, IPython, and Jupyter Notebooks | Geohackweek: [Introduction to Conda](https://geohackweek.github.io/Introductory/01-conda-tutorial/) | Conda tutorial including Conda environments, Python packages, and PIP, Python and IPython in the command line, Jupyter notebook tutorial and Python crash course | Assignment 2: Bash, Conda, IPython, and Jupyter
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[5](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson05.ipynb) | Python Basics, Strings, Printing | Shaw: Ex1-10; Lutz: Ch1-7 | Python scripts, error messages, printing strings and variables, strings and string operations, numbers and mathematical expressions, getting help with commands and Ipython | --
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[6](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson06.ipynb) | Taking Input, Reading and Writing Files, Functions | Shaw: Ex11-26; Lutz: Ch9,14-17 | Taking input, reading files, writing files, functions | Assignment 3: Python Fundamentals I
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[7](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson07.ipynb) | Logic, Loops, Lists, Dictionaries, and Tuples | Shaw: Ex27-39; Lutz: Ch8-13 | Logic and loops, lists and list comprehension, tuples, dictionaries, other types | --
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[8](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson08.ipynb) | Python and IPython Review | McKinney: Ch1-3 | Review of Python commands, IPython review -- enhanced interactive Python shells with support for data visualization, distributed and parallel computation and a browser-based notebook with support for code, text, mathematical expressions, inline plots and other rich media | Assignment 4: Python Fundamentals II
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[9](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson09.ipynb) | Regular Expressions | Regex tutorials (see lesson) | Regular expression syntax, Command-line tools: `grep`, `sed`, `awk`, `perl -e`, Python examples: built-in and `re` module | --
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[10](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson10.ipynb) | Numpy, Pandas and Matplotlib Crashcourse | -- | Numpy, Pandas, and Matplotlib overview | Assignment 5: Regular Expressions
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[11](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson11.ipynb) | Pandas Part I | McKinney: Ch4-5 | Intro to NumPy and Pandas: `ndarray`, `Series`, `DataFrame`, `index`, `columns`, `dtypes`, `info`, `describe`, `read_csv`, `head`, `tail`, `loc`, `iloc`, `ix`, `to_datetime` | --
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[10](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson10.ipynb) | Numpy, Pandas and Matplotlib Crashcourse | Pratik: [Introduction to Numpy and Pandas](https://cloudxlab.com/blog/numpy-pandas-introduction/) | Numpy, Pandas, and Matplotlib overview | Assignment 5: Regular Expressions
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[11](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson11.ipynb) | Pandas Part I | McKinney: Ch4-5 | Introduction to NumPy and Pandas: `ndarray`, `Series`, `DataFrame`, `index`, `columns`, `dtypes`, `info`, `describe`, `read_csv`, `head`, `tail`, `loc`, `iloc`, `ix`, `to_datetime` | --
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[12](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson12.ipynb) | Pandas Part II | McKinney: Ch6-8 | Data Analysis with Pandas: `concat`, `append`, `merge`, `join`, `set_option`, `stack`, `unstack`, `transpose`, dot-notation, `values`, `apply`, `lambda`, `sort_index`, `sort_values`, `to_csv`, `read_csv`, `isnull` | Assignment 6: Pandas Fundamentals
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[13](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson13.ipynb) | Plotting with Matplotlib | McKinney: Ch9; J.R. Johansson: [Matplotlib 2D and 3D plotting in Python](http://github.com/jrjohansson/scientific-python-lectures) | Matplotlib tutorial from J.R. Johansson | --
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[14](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson14.ipynb) | Plotting with Seaborn | [Seaborn Tutorial](http://seaborn.pydata.org/tutorial.html) | Seaborn tutorial from Michael Waskom | Assignment 7: Plotting
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[15](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson15.ipynb) | Pandas Time Series | McKinney: Ch11 | Time series data in Pandas | --
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[16](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson16.ipynb) | Pandas Group Operations | McKinney: Ch10 | `groupby`, `melt`, `pivot`, `inplace=True`, `reindex` | Assignment 8: Time Series and Group Operations
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[17](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson17.ipynb) | Statistics Packages | -- | Statitics capabilities of Pandas, Numpy, Scipy, and Scikit-bio | --
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[17](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson17.ipynb) | Statistics Packages | [Handbook of Biological Statistics](http://www.biostathandbook.com) | Statitics capabilities of Pandas, Numpy, Scipy, and Scikit-bio | --
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[18](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson18.ipynb) | Interactive Visualization with Bokeh | [Bokeh User Guide](http://bokeh.pydata.org/en/latest/docs/user_guide.html) | Quickstart guide to making interactive HTML and notebook plots with Bokeh | Assignment 9: Statistics and Interactive Visualization
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[19](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson19.ipynb) | Modules and Classes | Shaw: Ex40-52 | Packaging your code so you and others can use it again | --
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[20](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson20.md) | Git and GitHub | -- | Sharing your code in a public GitHub repository | Final Project
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[20](https://github.com/cuttlefishh/python-for-data-analysis/blob/master/lessons/lesson20.md) | Git and GitHub | [GitHub Guides](https://guides.github.com) | Sharing your code in a public GitHub repository | Final Project
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‎data/the_10_most_important_linux_commands.md‎

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# The 10 Most Important Linux Commands
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Credit: Brad Yale
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## 1. ls
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The ls command - the list command - functions in the [Linux
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terminal](http://www.informit.com/store/linux-kernel-development-9780672329463)
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to show all of the major directories filed under a given file system.
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For example, the command:
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**ls /applications**
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...will show the user all of the folders stored in the overall
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applications folder.
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The ls command is used for viewing files, folders and directories.
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## 2. cd
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The cd command - change directory - will allow the user to change
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between file directories. As the name command name suggest, you would
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use the cd command to circulate between two different directories. For
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example, if you wanted to change from the home directory to the Arora
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directory, you would input the following command:
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**cd/arora/applications**
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As you might have noted, the path name listed lists in reverse order.
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Logically **cd/arora/applications** reads change to the arora directory
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which is stored in the applications directory. All Linux commands follow
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a logical path.
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## 3. mv
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The mv command - move - allows a user to move a file to another folder
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or directory. Just like dragging a file located on a PC desktop to a
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folder stored within the "Documents" folder, the mv command functions in
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the same manner. An example of the mv command is:
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**mv/arora/applications/majorapps /arora/applications/minorapps**
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The first part of the command **mv/arora/applications/majorapps** lists
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the application to be moved. In this case, arora. The second part of the
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command **/arora/applications/minorapps** lists where arora will be
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moved to - from majorapps to minorapps.
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## 4. man
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-
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The man command - the manual command - is used to show the manual of the
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inputted command. Just like a film on the nature of film, the man
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command is the meta command of the [Linux
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CLI](http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1339466). Inputting
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the man command will show you all information about the command you are
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using. An example:
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**man cd**
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The inputting command will show the manual or all relevant information
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for the change directory command.
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## 5. mkdir
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---
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The mkdir - make directory - command allows the user to make a new
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directory. Just like making a new directory within a PC or Mac desktop
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environment, the mkdir command makes new directories in a Linux
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environment. An example of the mkdir command
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**mkdir testdirectory**
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The example command made the directory "testdirectory".
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## 6. rmdir
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---
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The rmdir - remove directory - command allows the user to remove an
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existing command using the Linux CLI. An example of the rmdir command:
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**rmdir testdirectory**
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The example command removed the directory "testdirectory".
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**It should be noted: both the mkdir and rmdir commands make and remove
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directories. They do not make files and they will also not remove a
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directory which has files in it. The mkdir will make an empty directory
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and the rmdir command will remove an empty directory.**
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****
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![](http://izaak.jellinek.com/tuxes/images/babby%20tux.png){width="650"
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height="400"}****
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## 7. touch
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---
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The touch command - a.k.a. the make file command - allows users to make
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files using the Linux CLI. Just as the mkdir command makes directories,
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the touch command makes files. Just as you would make a .doc or a .txt
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using a PC desktop, the touch command makes empty files. An example of
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the touch command:
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**touch testfile.txt**
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The example touch command effectively created the file testfile.txt. As
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noted by the extension, the file created is a .txt or text file. To
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equate, a .txt file in Linux is akin to a .txt notebook file within a
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Windows or Mac OS.
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## 8. rm
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The rm command - remove - like the rmdir command is meant to remove
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files from your Linux OS. Whereas the rmdir command will remove
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directories and files held within, the rm command will delete created
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files. An example of the rm command:
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**rm testfile.txt**
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The aforementioned command removed testfile.txt. Interestingly, whereas
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the rmdir command will only delete an empty directory, the rm command
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will remove both files and directories with files in it. This said, the
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rm command carries more weight than the rmdir command and should be used
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with more specificity.
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## 9. locate
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----
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The locate - a.k.a. find - command is meant to find a file within the
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Linux OS. If you don't know the name of a certain file or you aren't
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sure where the file is saved and stored, the locate command comes in
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handy. A locate command example:
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**locate -i \*red\*house\*\*city\***
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The stated command will locate an file with the a file name containing
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"Red", "House" and "City". A note on the input: the use of "-i" tells
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the system to search for a file unspecific of capitalization (Linux
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functions in lower case). The use of the asterik "\*" signifies
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searching for a wildcard. A wildcard tells the system to pull any and
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all files containing the search criteria.
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By specifying -i with wildcards, the locate CLI command will pull back
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all files containing your search criteria effectivley casting the widest
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search net the system will allow.
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## 10. clear
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The clear command does exactly what it says. When your Linux CLI gets
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all mucked up with various readouts and information, the clear command
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clears the screen and wipes the board clean. Using the clear command
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will take the user back to the start prompt of whatever directory you
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are currently operating in. To use the clear command simply type
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**clear**.
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# Getting to Know Linux: Vital Information
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Having a basic understanding on Linux CLI commands will allow any user
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to navigate around the Linux shell. This said, there are some basic
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things about Linux you need to know to more fully operate in the shell.
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These basics are as follows:
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- **All Linux operating systems function in lower case**. The basic idea
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of Linux is to utilize a simple easy to use operating system. The use of
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lower case comes out of this. While you can name files, folders and
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directories using upper case, the system functions in lower case. This
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means unless you specify -i (negate case lock), all files, folders and
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directories named with an upper case will not be shown. Thus, the
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command
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**locate thekillersadustlandfairytale.mp3**
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Will not locate the file TheKillersADustLandFairyTale.mp3
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In Linux, upper and lower case matter.
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- **Be very careful using the rm command**. The rm command, as noted
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above, carries more weight than the rmdir command. Using the rm command
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can wipe out entire directories full of files. Be careful using it.
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Moreover, if a buddy jokingly tells you to input the command:
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**rm -rf/**
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Do not do it. The rm -rf/ command means remove (rm) - recursive (r)
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force (f) home (/). Spelled out logically, the rm -rf/ command will
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delete every folder, file and directory within your Linux OS. It is the
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equivalent of wiping your entire hard drive clean. Use the rm-rf/
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command at your own peril. 
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- **/ means root**. For the vast majority of PC's the home prompt in the
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Command Prompt (CMD) is some variation on:
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The PC user in command prompt will start from the C:\\ hard drive. In
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Linux your CLI starting point - your root directory - is /. / represents
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your starting point. / is where all other files, folders and directories
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are stored within.
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- **Passwords are kept in the dark**. The first time I logged into a
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Linux server, I instantly became confused when prompted for my password.
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This is because when you type in your password into the Linux CLI, the
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password is kept dark. While typing, you will see nothing. The Linux CLI
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operates with the assumption that the user typing in the password knows
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what he/she is typing and thus, for security reasons, has no need to
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view it while it is input. 
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Don't freak out when you do not see your password or little asterisks
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to hide your input. The Linux system is recording every key tap. 
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- **Master Linux foundations before advancing**. Just like learning new
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branches of Mathematics, to build higher, your foundation must be
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strong. Linux operates in the same fashion. If you do not master Linux
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basics, you will quickly become confused when trying to complete complex
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tasks and will, like many first time users do, become frustrated and
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quit. To write a new script, to install a script or to install a basic
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word editor, you first must know how to move between directories, how to
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copy (cp command) files and how to make/remove files and directories. 
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Before you move to more advanced Linux tasks, master the basics.
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- **Remember, Linux Web Operations are free**. Maybe the best thing
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about Linux is that it an open source platform meaning the operating
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systems and all [Linux web
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operations](http://www.informit.com/store/linux-web-operations-livelessons-video-training-downloadable-9780133927627)
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you may perform are free. Don't get scammed into buying an operating
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system. It's free. 
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- **Pick a more User Friendly Linux OS**. The last bit of advice I can
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dole out is if you are a first time Linux user, pick an operating system
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which is considered "beginner friendly". Most users consider
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[Ubuntu](http://www.informit.com/store/official-ubuntu-book-9780133905397),
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Fedora and Mint to all fit the bill. I'd recommend choosing one and
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working from there.

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