---
title: "Based Pointers (C++) | Microsoft Docs"
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---
# Based Pointers (C++)
**Microsoft Specific**
The `__based` keyword allows you to declare pointers based on pointers (pointers that are offsets from existing pointers).
## Syntax
```
type __based( base ) declarator
```
## Remarks
Pointers based on pointer addresses are the only form of the `__based` keyword valid in 32-bit or 64-bit compilations. For the Microsoft 32-bit C/C++ compiler, a based pointer is a 32-bit offset from a 32-bit pointer base. A similar restriction holds for 64-bit environments, where a based pointer is a 64-bit offset from the 64-bit base.
One use for pointers based on pointers is for persistent identifiers that contain pointers. A linked list that consists of pointers based on a pointer can be saved to disk, then reloaded to another place in memory, with the pointers remaining valid. For example:
```
// based_pointers1.cpp
// compile with: /c
void *vpBuffer;
struct llist_t {
void __based( vpBuffer ) *vpData;
struct llist_t __based( vpBuffer ) *llNext;
};
```
The pointer `vpBuffer` is assigned the address of memory allocated at some later point in the program. The linked list is relocated relative to the value of `vpBuffer`.
> [!NOTE]
> Persisting identifiers containing pointers can also be accomplished by using [memory-mapped files](http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa366556).
When dereferencing a based pointer, the base must be either explicitly specified or implicitly known through the declaration.
For compatibility with previous versions, **_based** is a synonym for `__based`.
## Example
The following code demonstrates changing a based pointer by changing its base.
```
// based_pointers2.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include