public struct Vector3f {

public float x, y, z;

public Vector3f(float x = 0, float y = 0, float z = 0) {

this.x = x;

this.y = y;

this.z = z;

}

// dot product -- returns the cosine of the angle between two vectors

public float Dot(Vector3f b) {

return (x * b.x + y * b.y + z * b.z);

}

// normalise -- scale magnitude of vector to 1. used a lot to construct a point on

// a unit sphere which represents a direction

public void Normalise() {

float f = (float)(1.0f / Math.Sqrt(this.Dot(this)));

x *= f;

y *= f;

z *= f;

}

// return the length of the vector

public float Magnitude() {

return (float)Math.Sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z);

}

public static Vector3f operator -(Vector3f a, Vector3f b) {

return new Vector3f(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z);

}

public static Vector3f operator -(Vector3f a) {

return new Vector3f(-a.x, -a.y, -a.z);

}

public static Vector3f operator *(Vector3f a, float b) {

return new Vector3f(a.x * b, a.y * b, a.z * b);

}

public static Vector3f operator /(Vector3f a, float b) {

return new Vector3f(a.x / b, a.y / b, a.z / b);

}

public static Vector3f operator +(Vector3f a, Vector3f b) {

return new Vector3f(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y, a.z + b.z);

}

public Vector3f ReflectIn(Vector3f normal) {

Vector3f negVector = -this;

Vector3f reflectedDir = normal * (2.0f * negVector.Dot(normal)) - negVector;

return reflectedDir;

}

public static Vector3f CrossProduct(Vector3f v1, Vector3f v2)

{

return new Vector3f(

v1.y * v2.z - v1.z * v2.y,

v1.z * v2.x - v1.x * v2.z,

v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x

);

}

}

public struct Ray {

public const float WORLD_MAX = 1000.0f;

public Vector3f origin;

public Vector3f direction;

public RTObject closestHitObject;

public float closestHitDistance;

public Vector3f hitPoint;

public Ray(Vector3f o, Vector3f d) {

origin = o;

direction = d;

closestHitDistance = WORLD_MAX;

closestHitObject = null;

hitPoint = new Vector3f();

}

}

public abstract class RTObject {

public Color color; // Surface colour

public bool isEmitter; // If true, this object's an emitter

// return distance at which this object is intersected by a ray, or -1 if no intersection

public abstract float Intersect(ref Ray ray);

// return the surface normal (perpendicular vector to the surface) for a given point on the surface on the object

public abstract Vector3f GetSurfaceNormalAtPoint(Vector3f p);

}

class Plane : RTObject {

// a plane can be specified with just it's surface normal and an offset from the origin in the

// direction of the normal

public Vector3f normal;

public float distance;

public Plane(Vector3f n, float d, Color c) {

normal = n;

distance = d;

color = c;

isEmitter = false;

}

public override float Intersect(ref Ray ray) {

float normalDotRayDir = normal.Dot(ray.direction);

if (normalDotRayDir == 0) // Ray is parallel to plane (this early-out won't help very often!)

return -1;

// Any none-parallel ray will hit the plane at some point - the question now is just

// if it in the positive or negative ray direction.

float hitDistance = -(normal.Dot(ray.origin) - distance) / normalDotRayDir;

if (hitDistance < 0) // Ray dir is negative, ie we're behind the ray's origin

return -1;

else

return hitDistance;

}

public override Vector3f GetSurfaceNormalAtPoint(Vector3f p) {

return normal; // This is of course the same across the entire plane

}

}

class Sphere : RTObject {

// to specify a sphere we need it's position and radius

public Vector3f position;

public float radius;

public Sphere(Vector3f p, float r, Color c) {

position = p;

radius = r;

color = c;

isEmitter = false;

}

public override float Intersect(ref Ray ray) {

Vector3f lightFromOrigin = position - ray.origin; // dir from origin to us

float v = lightFromOrigin.Dot(ray.direction); // cos of angle between dirs from origin to us and from origin to where the ray's pointing

float hitDistance = radius * radius + v * v - lightFromOrigin.x * lightFromOrigin.x - lightFromOrigin.y * lightFromOrigin.y - lightFromOrigin.z * lightFromOrigin.z;

if (hitDistance < 0) // no hit (do this check now before bothering to do the sqrt below)

return -1;

hitDistance = v - (float)Math.Sqrt(hitDistance); // get actual hit distance

if (hitDistance < 0)

return -1;

else

return (float)hitDistance;

}

public override Vector3f GetSurfaceNormalAtPoint(Vector3f p) {

Vector3f normal = p - position;

normal.Normalise();

return normal;

}

}

class Renderer {

const int CANVAS_WIDTH = 320; // output image dimensions

const int CANVAS_HEIGHT = 240;

const float TINY = 0.0001f; // a very short distance in world space coords

const float BRIGHTNESS = 1.5f;

static int MAX_DEPTH = 4; // max recursion for reflections

static int RAYS_PER_PIXEL = 512; // how many rays to shoot per pixel?

static Vector3f eyePos = new Vector3f(0, 2.0f, -5.0f); // eye pos in world space coords

static Vector3f screenTopLeftPos = new Vector3f(-4.0f, 5.5f, 0); // top-left corner of screen in world coords - note aspect ratio should match image

static Vector3f screenBottomRightPos = new Vector3f(4.0f, -0.5f, 0); // bottom-right corner of screen in world coords

static float pixelWidth, pixelHeight; // dimensions of screen pixel **in world coords**

static List<RTObject> objects; // all RTObjects in the scene

static Random random; // global random for repeatability

static Stopwatch stopwatch;

static double minSpeed = double.MaxValue, maxSpeed = double.MinValue;

static List<double> speedSamples;

static void Main(string[] args) {

// init structures

objects = new List<RTObject>();

random = new Random(45734);

stopwatch = new Stopwatch();

speedSamples = new List<double>();

Bitmap canvas = new Bitmap(CANVAS_WIDTH, CANVAS_HEIGHT);

// add some objects

Sphere s = new Sphere(new Vector3f(-2.0f, 2.0f, 0), 1.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 127, 0, 0));

objects.Add(s);

s = new Sphere(new Vector3f(0, 2.0f, 0), 1.0f, Color.OldLace);

s.isEmitter = true; // this one's a light source

objects.Add(s);

s = new Sphere(new Vector3f(2.0f, 2.0f, 0), 1.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 0, 127, 0));

objects.Add(s);

// ceiling and floor

// pathtracing needs things for photons to bounce off! otherwise

// most photons exit the scene early before doing their max

// number of bounces

Plane floor = new Plane(new Vector3f(0, 1.0f, 0), 1.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 200, 200, 200));

objects.Add(floor);

Plane ceiling = new Plane(new Vector3f(0, -1.0f, 0), -5.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 200, 200, 200));

objects.Add(ceiling);

Plane leftWall = new Plane(new Vector3f(1.0f, 0, 0), -3.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 75, 75, 200));

objects.Add(leftWall);

Plane rightWall = new Plane(new Vector3f(-1.0f, 0, 0), -3.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 200, 75, 75));

objects.Add(rightWall);

Plane backWall = new Plane(new Vector3f(0, 0, -1), -3.0f, Color.FromArgb(255, 200, 200, 200));

objects.Add(backWall);

// calculate width and height of a pixel in world space coords

pixelWidth = (screenBottomRightPos.x - screenTopLeftPos.x) / CANVAS_WIDTH;

pixelHeight = (screenTopLeftPos.y - screenBottomRightPos.y) / CANVAS_HEIGHT;

// render it

int dotPeriod = CANVAS_HEIGHT / 20;

System.Console.WriteLine("Rendering...\n");

System.Console.WriteLine("|0%-----------100%|");

Func<object> next = () =>

RenderRowChunk(canvas, dotPeriod, 0, 0);

while (next != null) {

next = (Func<object>)(next());

}

// save the pretties

canvas.Save("output.png");

}

static object RenderRowChunk (System.Drawing.Bitmap canvas, int dotPeriod, int x, int y) {

if (y >= CANVAS_HEIGHT)

return null;

if ((x == 0) && ((y % dotPeriod) == 0)) {

System.Console.Write("*");

}

int chunkSize = 32;

JSIL.Verbatim.Expression("canvas.flushInterval = $0", chunkSize);

stopwatch.Restart();

int x1 = x, x2 = Math.Min(x + chunkSize, CANVAS_WIDTH);

for (; x < x2; x++) {

Color c = RenderPixel(x, y);

canvas.SetPixel(x, y, c);

}

var elapsed = stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds;

double msPerPixel = (double)elapsed / chunkSize;

if (x2 >= CANVAS_WIDTH) {

y += 1;

x2 = 0;

}

ReportSpeed(msPerPixel);

bool useSetTimeout = JSIL.Builtins.IsJavascript;

Func<object> next = () =>

RenderRowChunk(canvas, dotPeriod, x2, y);

if (useSetTimeout) {

SetTimeout(0, next);

return null;

} else

return next;

}

static void ReportSpeed (double msPerPixel) {

minSpeed = Math.Min(msPerPixel, minSpeed);

maxSpeed = Math.Max(msPerPixel, maxSpeed);

speedSamples.Add(msPerPixel);

double average = 0;

foreach (var d in speedSamples)

average += d;

average /= speedSamples.Count;

WriteSpeedText(String.Format(

"min: {0:F3} ms/pixel, max: {1:F3} ms/pixel, avg: {2:F3} ms/pixel",

minSpeed, maxSpeed, average

));

}

[JSReplacement("document.getElementById('speed').innerHTML = $text")]

static void WriteSpeedText (string text) {

Debug.WriteLine(text);

}

[JSReplacement("setTimeout($action, $timeoutMs)")]

static void SetTimeout (int timeoutMs, Func<object> action) {

action();

}

// Given a ray with origin and direction set, fill in the intersection info

static void CheckIntersection(ref Ray ray) {

foreach (RTObject obj in objects) { // loop through objects, test for intersection

float hitDistance = obj.Intersect(ref ray); // check for intersection with this object and find distance

if (hitDistance < ray.closestHitDistance && hitDistance > 0) {

ray.closestHitObject = obj; // object hit and closest yet found - store it

ray.closestHitDistance = hitDistance;

}

}

ray.hitPoint = ray.origin + (ray.direction * ray.closestHitDistance); // also store the point of intersection

}

// render a pixel (ie, set pixel color to result of a trace of a ray starting from eye position and

// passing through the world coords of the pixel)

static Color RenderPixel(int x, int y) {

// First, calculate direction of the current pixel from eye position

float sx = screenTopLeftPos.x + (x * pixelWidth);

float sy = screenTopLeftPos.y - (y * pixelHeight);

Vector3f eyeToPixelDir = new Vector3f(sx, sy, 0) - eyePos;

eyeToPixelDir.Normalise();

// Set up primary (eye) ray

Ray ray = new Ray(eyePos, eyeToPixelDir);

// And send a bunch of reverse photons that way!

// Since each photon we send into Trace with a depth of 0 will

// bounce around randomly, we need to send many photons into

// every pixel to get good convergence

float r = 0, g = 0, b = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < RAYS_PER_PIXEL; i++) {

Color c = Trace(ray, 1);

r += c.R;

g += c.G;

b += c.B;

}

r *= BRIGHTNESS;

g *= BRIGHTNESS;

b *= BRIGHTNESS;

r /= RAYS_PER_PIXEL;

g /= RAYS_PER_PIXEL;

b /= RAYS_PER_PIXEL;

if (r > 255)

r = 255;

if (g > 255)

g = 255;

if (b > 255)

b = 255;

return (Color.FromArgb(255, (int)r, (int)g, (int)b));

}

// given a ray, trace it into the scene and return the colour of the surface it hits

// (handles bounces recursively)

static Color Trace(Ray ray, int traceDepth) {

// See if the ray intersected an object (only if it hasn't already got one - we don't need to

// recalculate the first intersection for each sample on the same pixel!)

if (ray.closestHitObject == null)

CheckIntersection(ref ray);

if (ray.closestHitDistance >= Ray.WORLD_MAX || ray.closestHitObject == null) // No intersection

return Color.Black;

// Got a hit - was it an emitter? If so just return the emitter's colour

if (ray.closestHitObject.isEmitter)

return ray.closestHitObject.color;

if (traceDepth >= MAX_DEPTH)

return Color.Black;

// Get surface normal at intersection

Vector3f surfaceNormal = ray.closestHitObject.GetSurfaceNormalAtPoint(ray.hitPoint);

// Pick a point on a hemisphere placed on the intersection point (of which

// the surface normal is the north pole)

if (surfaceNormal.Dot(ray.direction) >= 0)

surfaceNormal = surfaceNormal * -1.0f;

float r1 = (float)(random.NextDouble() * Math.PI * 2.0f);

float r2 = (float)random.NextDouble();

float r2s = (float)Math.Sqrt(r2);

Vector3f u = new Vector3f(1.0f, 0, 0);

if (Math.Abs(surfaceNormal.x) > 0.1f) {

u.x = 0;

u.y = 1.0f;

}

u = Vector3f.CrossProduct(u, surfaceNormal);

u.Normalise();

Vector3f v = Vector3f.CrossProduct(u, surfaceNormal);

// Now set up a direction from the hitpoint to that chosen point

Vector3f reflectionDirection = (u * (float)Math.Cos(r1) * r2s + v * (float)Math.Sin(r1) * r2s + surfaceNormal * (float)Math.Sqrt(1 - r2));

reflectionDirection.Normalise();

// And follow that path (note that we're not spawning a new ray -- just following the one we were

// originally passed for MAX_DEPTH jumps)

Ray reflectionRay = new Ray(ray.hitPoint, reflectionDirection);

Color reflectionCol = Trace(reflectionRay, traceDepth + 1);

// Now factor the colour we got from the reflection

// into this object's own colour; ie, illuminate

// the current object with the results of that reflection

float r = ray.closestHitObject.color.R * reflectionCol.R;

float g = ray.closestHitObject.color.G * reflectionCol.G;

float b = ray.closestHitObject.color.B * reflectionCol.B;

r /= 255.0f;

g /= 255.0f;

b /= 255.0f;

return (Color.FromArgb(255, (int)r, (int)g, (int)b));

}

}