PyObject *s_python_function_arrow;

PyObject *s_python_function_show;

PyObject *s_python_function_close;

PyObject *s_python_function_draw;

PyObject *s_python_function_pause;

PyObject *s_python_function_save;

PyObject *s_python_function_figure;

PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;

PyObject *s_python_function_plot;

PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;

PyObject *s_python_function_contour;

PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;

PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;

PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;

PyObject *s_python_function_fill;

PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;

PyObject *s_python_function_hist;

PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;

PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;

PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;

PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;

PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;

PyObject *s_python_function_legend;

PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;

PyObject *s_python_function_ion;

PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;

PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;

PyObject *s_python_function_title;

PyObject *s_python_function_axis;

PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;

PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;

PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;

PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;

PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;

PyObject *s_python_function_gca;

PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;

PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;

PyObject *s_python_function_margins;

PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;

PyObject *s_python_function_grid;

PyObject *s_python_function_cla;

PyObject *s_python_function_clf;

PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;

PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;

PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;

PyObject *s_python_colormap;

PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;

PyObject *s_python_function_stem;

PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;

PyObject *s_python_function_text;

PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;

PyObject *s_python_function_bar;

PyObject *s_python_function_barh;

PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;

PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;

PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;

PyObject *s_python_function_spy;

/* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not

static _interpreter &get() { return interkeeper(false); }

static _interpreter &kill() { return interkeeper(true); }

// Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.

static _interpreter &interkeeper(bool should_kill) {

static _interpreter ctx;

if (should_kill)

ctx.~_interpreter();

return ctx;

}

PyObject *safe_import(PyObject *module, std::string fname) {

PyObject *fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());

if (!fn)

throw std::runtime_error(

std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);

if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))

throw std::runtime_error(

fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));

return fn;

}

#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3

void *import_numpy() {

import_array(); // initialize C-API

return NULL;

}

#else

void import_numpy() {

import_array(); // initialize C-API

}

#endif

#endif

_interpreter() {

// optional but recommended

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3

wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";

#else

char name[] = "plotting";

#endif

Py_SetProgramName(name);

Py_Initialize();

wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {

L"Python",

NULL}; // const is needed because literals must not be modified

wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;

int argc = sizeof(dummy_args) / sizeof(dummy_args[0]) - 1;

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3

PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));

#else

PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));

#endif

#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY

import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API

#endif

PyObject *matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");

PyObject *pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");

PyObject *cmname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");

PyObject *pylabname = PyString_FromString("pylab");

if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {

throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");

}

PyObject *matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);

Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);

if (!matplotlib) {

PyErr_Print();

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");

}

// matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,

// or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time

if (!s_backend.empty()) {

PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char *>("use"),

const_cast<char *>("s"), s_backend.c_str());

}

PyObject *pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);

Py_DECREF(pyplotname);

if (!pymod) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!");

}

s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);

Py_DECREF(cmname);

if (!s_python_colormap) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!");

}

PyObject *pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);

Py_DECREF(pylabname);

if (!pylabmod) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!");

}

s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");

s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");

s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");

s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");

s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");

s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");

s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");

s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");

s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");

s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");

s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");

s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");

s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");

s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");

s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");

s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod, "hist");

s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod, "scatter");

s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod, "boxplot");

s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");

s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");

s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");

s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");

s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");

s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");

s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");

s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");

s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");

s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");

s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");

s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");

s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");

s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");

s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");

s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");

s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");

s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");

s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");

s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");

s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");

s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod, "annotate");

s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");

s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");

s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");

s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");

s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");

s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");

s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");

s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");

s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod, "bar");

s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");

s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");

s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod, "subplots_adjust");

s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");

s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");

#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY

s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");

#endif

s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);

}

~_interpreter() { Py_Finalize(); }

detail::_interpreter::get();

PyObject *xy = PyTuple_New(2);

PyObject *str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());

PyTuple_SetItem(xy, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));

PyTuple_SetItem(xy, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords) {

assert(x.size() == y.size());

detail::_interpreter::get();

// using numpy arrays

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(2);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);

// construct keyword args

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,

const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =

std::map<std::string, std::string>(),

const long fig_number = 0) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

// We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called

// because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies

// "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require

// it for people who don't need 3d plots.

static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;

if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

PyObject *mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");

PyObject *axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");

if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) {

throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");

}

mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);

Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);

if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!");

}

axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);

Py_DECREF(axis3d);

if (!axis3dmod) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!");

}

}

assert(x.size() == y.size());

assert(y.size() == z.size());

// using numpy arrays

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);

PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);

// Build up the kw args.

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));

PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));

} else {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

}

PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);

PyObject *fig = nullptr;

PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));

PyObject *fig_exists = PyObject_CallObject(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);

if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {

fig = PyObject_CallObject(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);

} else {

fig = PyObject_CallObject(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, fig_args);

}

Py_DECREF(fig_exists);

if (!fig)

throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");

PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));

PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");

if (!gca)

throw std::runtime_error("No gca");

Py_INCREF(gca);

PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(

gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);

if (!axis)

throw std::runtime_error("No axis");

Py_INCREF(axis);

Py_DECREF(gca);

Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);

PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");

if (!plot_surface)

throw std::runtime_error("No surface");

Py_INCREF(plot_surface);

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);

if (!res)

throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");

Py_DECREF(plot_surface);

Py_DECREF(axis);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,

const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

// using numpy arrays

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);

PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);

// Build up the kw args.

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);

if (!res)

throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

const double markersize = -1, // -1 for default matplotlib size

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

if (markersize != -1) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));

}

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);

PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(plot_args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

const std::vector<Numeric> &z,

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =

std::map<std::string, std::string>(),

const long fig_number = 0) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

// Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time

// this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib

// installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't

// want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.

static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;

if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

PyObject *mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");

PyObject *axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");

if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) {

throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");

}

mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);

Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);

if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!");

}

axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);

Py_DECREF(axis3d);

if (!axis3dmod) {

throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!");

}

}

assert(x.size() == y.size());

assert(y.size() == z.size());

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);

PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);

// Build up the kw args.

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);

PyObject *fig = nullptr;

PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));

PyObject *fig_exists = PyObject_CallObject(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);

if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {

fig = PyObject_CallObject(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);

} else {

fig = PyObject_CallObject(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, fig_args);

}

if (!fig)

throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");

PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));

PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");

if (!gca)

throw std::runtime_error("No gca");

Py_INCREF(gca);

PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(

gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);

if (!axis)

throw std::runtime_error("No axis");

Py_INCREF(axis);

Py_DECREF(gca);

Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);

PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");

if (!plot3)

throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");

Py_INCREF(plot3);

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);

if (!res)

throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");

Py_DECREF(plot3);

Py_DECREF(axis);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords) {

assert(x.size() == y.size());

detail::_interpreter::get();

// using numpy arrays

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(2);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);

// construct keyword args

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords) {

assert(x.size() == y.size());

detail::_interpreter::get();

// using numpy arrays

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(2);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);

// construct keyword args

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

const std::vector<Numeric> &y2,

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords) {

assert(x.size() == y1.size());

assert(x.size() == y2.size());

detail::_interpreter::get();

// using numpy arrays

PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);

PyObject *y1array = detail::get_array(y1);

PyObject *y2array = detail::get_array(y2);

// construct positional args

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);

PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);

// construct keyword args

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

const std::string &fc = "r", const std::string ec = "k",

Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {

PyObject *obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);

PyObject *obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);

PyObject *obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);

PyObject *obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));

PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);

PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);

PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);

PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);

PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(plot_args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

std::string color = "b", double alpha = 1.0,

bool cumulative = false) {

detail::_interpreter::get();

PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);

PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);

PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(plot_args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (res)

Py_DECREF(res);

return res;

const int columns, const int colors,

const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords,

PyObject **out) {

assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);

assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);

detail::_interpreter::get();

// construct args

npy_intp dims[3] = {rows, columns, colors};

PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);

PyTuple_SetItem(

args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));

// construct keyword args

PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();

for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();

it != keywords.end(); ++it) {

PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),

PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));

}

PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(

detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);

Py_DECREF(args);

Py_DECREF(kwargs);

if (!res)

throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");

if (out)

*out = res;

else

Py_DECREF(res);