AYUSHMIT
diff --git a/‎.github/workflows/node.js.yml‎
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diff --git a/‎README.md‎
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diff --git a/‎src/index.js‎
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diff --git a/‎src/marks/contour.js‎
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@@ -27,3 +27,9 @@ jobs:
           echo ::add-matcher::.github/eslint.json
           yarn run eslint . --format=compact
       - run: yarn test
+      - name: Test artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        if: failure()
+        with:
+          name: test-output-changes
+          path: test/output/*-changed.*
@@ -1112,6 +1112,66 @@ Equivalent to [Plot.cell](#plotcelldata-options), except that if the **y** optio
 
 <!-- jsdocEnd cellY -->
 
+
+### Contour
+
+[Source](./src/marks/contour.js) · [Examples](https://observablehq.com/@observablehq/plot-contour) · Renders contour polygons from two-dimensional samples.
+
+#### Plot.contour(*data*, *options*)
+
+<!-- jsdoc contour -->
+
+Returns a new contour mark with the given *data* and *options*. The *data* represents a discrete set of samples in abstract coordinates, bound to the scales *x* and *y*, and a **value** channel.
+
+Most of the options are identical to the [raster](#raster) mark’s options, which is used internally to compute a rectangular grid of numeric values. Marching squares are then applied to derive the contour polygons for each threshold value.
+
+The following options define the value channel and the aesthetics of the contours:
+* **value** - the sample’s value (a channel); as a shorthand notation, it can be defined by setting either fill, fillOpacity or stroke
+* **fill** - the contour’s fill color; if a channel, bound to the *color* scale
+* **fillOpacity** - the contour’s opacity; if a channel, bound to the *opacity* scale
+* **stroke** - the contour’s stroke color; if a channel, bound to the *color* scale; defaults to currentColor
+* **strokeOpacity** - the (constant or variable) contour’s stroke opacity; if a channel, bound to the *opacity* scale; defaults to 1
+* **strokeWidth** - the (constant or variable) contour’s stroke width; defaults to 1
+* **thresholds** - the thresholds — an array of threshold values; if a *count* is specified instead of an array of thresholds, then the input values’ extent will be uniformly divided into approximately *count* bins. Defaults to [Sturges’s formula](https://github.com/d3/d3-contour/blob/main/README.md#contours_thresholds).
+* **x** and **y** - the sample’s coordinates.
+* **interpolate** - the interpolate method (see [raster](#raster) for details).
+* **blur** - the blur radius, a non-negative number of pixels, that defaults to 0.
+
+Each sample is projected onto the coordinate system of a rectangle with dimensions that may be specified directly with the following options:
+
+* **width** - the number of pixels on each horizontal line
+* **height** - the number of lines; a positive integer
+
+Alternatively, the width and height of the raster can be imputed from the starting and ending positions for x and y, and a pixel size:
+
+* **x1** - the starting horizontal position; bound to the *x* scale
+* **x2** - the ending horizontal position; bound to the *x* scale
+* **y1** - the starting vertical position; bound to the *y* scale
+* **y2** - the ending vertical position; bound to the *y* scale
+* **pixelSize** - the density of the raster image; defaults to 1
+
+If a width has been specified, x1 defaults to 0 and x2 defaults to width; similarly, if a height has been specified, y1 defaults to 0 and y2 defaults to height. Otherwise, if data has been specified, x1, y1, x2, and y2 respectively default to the frame’s left, top, right, and bottom, coordinates. Lastly, if no data has been specified, and fill is a function of x and y, you must specify all of x1, x2, y1 and y2 to define the domain (see below).
+
+The defaults for this mark make it convenient to draw thresholds from a flat array of values representing a rectangular matrix:
+
+```js
+Plot.contour(volcano.values, {width: volcano.width, height: volcano.height, fill: volcano.values, thresholds: 5})
+```
+
+When *data* is not specified and *value* is a function, a sample is taken for every pixel of the raster, which allows to draw contours from a function and a two-dimensional domain:
+
+```js
+Plot.contour({
+  fill: (x, y) => x * y * Math.sin(x) * Math.sin(y),
+  x1: 0,
+  x2: 2 * Math.PI,
+  y1: 0,
+  y2: 2 * Math.PI
+})
+```
+
+<!-- jsdocEnd contour -->
+
 ### Delaunay
 
 [<img src="./img/voronoi.png" width="320" height="198" alt="a Voronoi diagram of penguin culmens, showing the length and depth of several species">](https://observablehq.com/@observablehq/plot-delaunay)
@@ -1504,6 +1564,63 @@ Returns a new link with the given *data* and *options*.
 
 <!-- jsdocEnd link -->
 
+### Raster
+
+[Source](./src/marks/raster.js) · [Examples](https://observablehq.com/@observablehq/plot-raster) · Fills a raster image with color samples.
+
+#### Plot.raster(*data*, *options*)
+
+<!-- jsdoc raster -->
+
+Returns a new raster mark with the given *data* and *options*. The *data* represents a discrete set of samples in abstract coordinates, bound to the scales *x* and *y*, a **fill** channel bound to the *color* scale, and a **fillOpacity** channel bound to the *opacity* scale.
+
+Each sample is drawn on a rectangular raster image with dimensions that may be specified directly with the following options:
+
+* **width** - the number of pixels on each horizontal line
+* **height** - the number of lines; a positive integer
+
+Alternatively, the width and height of the raster can be imputed from the starting and ending positions for x and y, and a pixel size:
+
+* **x1** - the starting horizontal position; bound to the *x* scale
+* **x2** - the ending horizontal position; bound to the *x* scale
+* **y1** - the starting vertical position; bound to the *y* scale
+* **y2** - the ending vertical position; bound to the *y* scale
+* **pixelSize** - the density of the raster image; defaults to 1
+
+If a width has been specified, x1 defaults to 0 and x2 defaults to width; similarly, if a height has been specified, y1 defaults to 0 and y2 defaults to height. Otherwise, if data has been specified, x1, y1, x2, and y2 respectively default to the frame’s left, top, right, and bottom, coordinates. Lastly, if no data has been specified, and fill is a function of x and y, you must specify all of x1, x2, y1 and y2 to define the domain (see below).
+
+
+The following options are supported:
+
+* **fill** - the sample’s color; if a channel, bound to the *color* scale
+* **fillOpacity** - the sample’s opacity; if a channel, bound to the *opacity* scale
+* **x** and **y** - the sample’s coordinates
+* **imageRendering** - the [image-rendering](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/image-rendering) attribute of the image; defaults to auto, which blends neighboring samples with bilinear interpolation. A typical setting is pixelated, that asks the browser to render each pixel as a solid rectangle (unfortunately not supported by Webkit).
+* **interpolate** - the interpolate method.
+* **blur** - the blur radius, a non-negative number of pixels, that defaults to 0.
+
+The interpolate option supports the following settings:
+* none - default if the *x* and *y* options are not null: assigns the value to the pixel under the (floor rounded) coordinates of each sample—if inside the raster
+* dense - default otherwise; assumes that the data describes every pixel on the raster of dimensions width × height, starting from the top left, in row-major order
+* nearest - evaluates each pixel with the closest sample, resulting in Voronoi cells
+* barycentric - does a Delaunay triangulation of the samples, then evaluates each triangle’s interior with a mix of the values of its vertices, weighted by the distance to each of the vertices; points outside the convex hull are extrapolated
+* random-walk - evaluates a pixel by simulating a random walk, and picking the value of the first sample reached
+* a function that receives a sample index, width and height of the raster, the *x* and *y* positions of the samples (in the coordinate system of the raster), and an array of (unscaled) values, and must return a dense array of width * height values, organized in row-major order.
+
+The defaults for this mark make it convenient to draw an image from a flat array of values representing a rectangular matrix:
+
+```js
+Plot.raster(volcano.values, {width: volcano.width, height: volcano.height, fill: volcano.values})
+```
+
+When *data* is not specified and *fill* or *fillOpacity* is a function, a sample is taken for every pixel of the raster, which allows to fill an image from a function and a two-dimensional domain:
+
+```js
+Plot.raster({x1: -1, x2: 1, y1: -1, y2: 1, fill: (x, y) => Math.atan2(y, x)})
+```
+
+<!-- jsdocEnd raster -->
+
 ### Rect
 
 [<img src="./img/rect.png" width="320" height="198" alt="a histogram">](https://observablehq.com/@observablehq/plot-rect)
@@ -2771,6 +2888,18 @@ Plot.column is typically used by options transforms to define new channels; the
 
 <!-- jsdocEnd column -->
 
+#### Plot.identity
+
+<!-- jsdoc identity -->
+
+This channel helper returns a source array as-is, avoiding an extra copy when defining a channel as being equal to the data:
+
+```js
+Plot.raster(await readValues(), {width: 300, height: 200, fill: Plot.identity})
+```
+
+<!-- jsdocEnd identity -->
+
 ## Initializers
 
 Initializers can be used to transform and derive new channels prior to rendering. Unlike transforms which operate in abstract data space, initializers can operate in screen space such as pixel coordinates and colors. For example, initializers can modify a marks’ positions to avoid occlusion. Initializers are invoked *after* the initial scales are constructed and can modify the channels or derive new channels; these in turn may (or may not, as desired) be passed to scales.
 
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ export {Arrow, arrow} from "./marks/arrow.js";
 export {BarX, BarY, barX, barY} from "./marks/bar.js";
 export {boxX, boxY} from "./marks/box.js";
 export {Cell, cell, cellX, cellY} from "./marks/cell.js";
+export {Contour, contour} from "./marks/contour.js";
 export {delaunayLink, delaunayMesh, hull, voronoi, voronoiMesh} from "./marks/delaunay.js";
 export {Density, density} from "./marks/density.js";
 export {Dot, dot, dotX, dotY, circle, hexagon} from "./marks/dot.js";
@@ -14,13 +15,15 @@ export {Image, image} from "./marks/image.js";
 export {Line, line, lineX, lineY} from "./marks/line.js";
 export {linearRegressionX, linearRegressionY} from "./marks/linearRegression.js";
 export {Link, link} from "./marks/link.js";
+export {Raster, raster} from "./marks/raster.js";
+export {interpolateNone, interpolatorBarycentric, interpolateNearest, interpolatorRandomWalk} from "./marks/raster.js";
 export {Rect, rect, rectX, rectY} from "./marks/rect.js";
 export {RuleX, RuleY, ruleX, ruleY} from "./marks/rule.js";
 export {Text, text, textX, textY} from "./marks/text.js";
 export {TickX, TickY, tickX, tickY} from "./marks/tick.js";
 export {tree, cluster} from "./marks/tree.js";
 export {Vector, vector, vectorX, vectorY, spike} from "./marks/vector.js";
-export {valueof, column} from "./options.js";
+export {valueof, column, identity} from "./options.js";
 export {filter, reverse, sort, shuffle, basic as transform, initializer} from "./transforms/basic.js";
 export {bin, binX, binY} from "./transforms/bin.js";
 export {centroid, geoCentroid} from "./transforms/centroid.js";
 
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import {blur2, contours, geoPath, map, max, min, range, thresholdSturges} from "d3";
+import {Channels} from "../channel.js";
+import {create} from "../context.js";
+import {labelof, identity} from "../options.js";
+import {Position} from "../projection.js";
+import {applyChannelStyles, applyDirectStyles, applyIndirectStyles, applyTransform, styles} from "../style.js";
+import {initializer} from "../transforms/basic.js";
+import {maybeThresholds} from "../transforms/bin.js";
+import {AbstractRaster, maybeTuples, rasterBounds, sampler} from "./raster.js";
+
+const defaults = {
+  ariaLabel: "contour",
+  fill: "none",
+  stroke: "currentColor",
+  strokeMiterlimit: 1,
+  pixelSize: 2
+};
+
+export class Contour extends AbstractRaster {
+  constructor(data, {value, ...options} = {}) {
+    const channels = styles({}, options, defaults);
+
+    // If value is not specified explicitly, look for a channel to promote. If
+    // more than one channel is present, throw an error. (To disambiguate,
+    // specify the value option explicitly.)
+    if (value === undefined) {
+      for (const key in channels) {
+        if (channels[key].value != null) {
+          if (value !== undefined) throw new Error("ambiguous contour value");
+          value = options[key];
+          options[key] = "value";
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // For any channel specified as the literal (contour threshold) "value"
+    // (maybe because of the promotion above), propagate the label from the
+    // original value definition.
+    if (value != null) {
+      const v = {transform: (D) => D.map((d) => d.value), label: labelof(value)};
+      for (const key in channels) {
+        if (options[key] === "value") {
+          options[key] = v;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If the data is null, then we’ll construct the raster grid by evaluating a
+    // function for each point in a dense grid. The value channel is populated
+    // by the sampler initializer, and hence is not passed to super to avoid
+    // computing it before there’s data.
+    if (data == null) {
+      if (typeof value !== "function") throw new Error("invalid contour value");
+      options = sampler("value", {value, ...options});
+      value = null;
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise if data was provided, it represents a discrete set of spatial
+    // samples (often a grid, but not necessarily). If no interpolation method
+    // was specified, default to nearest.
+    else {
+      let {interpolate} = options;
+      if (value === undefined) value = identity;
+      if (interpolate === undefined) options.interpolate = "nearest";
+    }
+
+    // Wrap the options in our initializer that computes the contour geometries;
+    // this runs after any other initializers (and transforms).
+    super(data, {value: {value, optional: true}}, contourGeometry(options), defaults);
+
+    // With the exception of the x, y, x1, y1, x2, y2, and value channels, this
+    // mark’s channels are not evaluated on the initial data but rather on the
+    // contour multipolygons generated in the initializer.
+    const contourChannels = {geometry: {value: identity}};
+    for (const key in this.channels) {
+      const channel = this.channels[key];
+      const {scale} = channel;
+      if (scale === "x" || scale === "y" || key === "value") continue;
+      contourChannels[key] = channel;
+      delete this.channels[key];
+    }
+    this.contourChannels = contourChannels;
+  }
+  filter(index, {x, y, value, ...channels}, values) {
+    // Only filter channels constructed by the contourGeometry initializer; the
+    // x, y, and value channels must be filtered by the initializer itself.
+    return super.filter(index, channels, values);
+  }
+  render(index, scales, channels, dimensions, context) {
+    const {geometry: G} = channels;
+    const path = geoPath();
+    return create("svg:g", context)
+      .call(applyIndirectStyles, this, dimensions, context)
+      .call(applyTransform, this, scales)
+      .call((g) => {
+        g.selectAll()
+          .data(index)
+          .enter()
+          .append("path")
+          .call(applyDirectStyles, this)
+          .attr("d", (i) => path(G[i]))
+          .call(applyChannelStyles, this, channels);
+      })
+      .node();
+  }
+}
+
+function contourGeometry({thresholds, interval, ...options}) {
+  thresholds = maybeThresholds(thresholds, interval, thresholdSturges);
+  return initializer(options, function (data, facets, channels, scales, dimensions, context) {
+    const [x1, y1, x2, y2] = rasterBounds(channels, scales, dimensions, context);
+    const dx = x2 - x1;
+    const dy = y2 - y1;
+    const {pixelSize: k, width: w = Math.round(Math.abs(dx) / k), height: h = Math.round(Math.abs(dy) / k)} = this;
+    const kx = w / dx;
+    const ky = h / dy;
+    const V = channels.value.value;
+    const VV = []; // V per facet
+
+    // Interpolate the raster grid, as needed.
+    if (this.interpolate) {
+      const {x: X, y: Y} = Position(channels, scales, context);
+      // Convert scaled (screen) coordinates to grid (canvas) coordinates.
+      const IX = map(X, (x) => (x - x1) * kx, Float64Array);
+      const IY = map(Y, (y) => (y - y1) * ky, Float64Array);
+      // The contour mark normally skips filtering on x, y, and value, so here
+      // we’re careful to use different names (0, 1, 2) when filtering.
+      const ichannels = [channels.x, channels.y, channels.value];
+      const ivalues = [IX, IY, V];
+      for (const facet of facets) {
+        const index = this.filter(facet, ichannels, ivalues);
+        VV.push(this.interpolate(index, w, h, IX, IY, V));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, chop up the existing dense raster grid into facets, if needed.
+    // V must be a dense grid in projected coordinates; if there are multiple
+    // facets, then V must be laid out vertically as facet 0, 1, 2… etc.
+    else if (facets) {
+      const n = w * h;
+      const m = facets.length;
+      for (let i = 0; i < m; ++i) VV.push(V.slice(i * n, i * n + n));
+    } else {
+      VV.push(V);
+    }
+
+    // Blur the raster grid, if desired.
+    if (this.blur > 0) for (const V of VV) blur2({data: V, width: w, height: h}, this.blur);
+
+    // Compute the contour thresholds; d3-contour unlike d3-array doesn’t pass
+    // the min and max automatically, so we do that here to normalize, and also
+    // so we can share consistent thresholds across facets. When an interval is
+    // used, note that the lowest threshold should be below (or equal) to the
+    // lowest value, or else some data will be missing.
+    const T =
+      typeof thresholds?.range === "function"
+        ? thresholds.range(...(([min, max]) => [thresholds.floor(min), max])(finiteExtent(VV)))
+        : typeof thresholds === "function"
+        ? thresholds(V, ...finiteExtent(VV))
+        : thresholds;
+
+    // Compute the (maybe faceted) contours.
+    const contour = contours().thresholds(T).size([w, h]);
+    const contourData = [];
+    const contourFacets = [];
+    for (const V of VV) contourFacets.push(range(contourData.length, contourData.push(...contour(V))));
+
+    // Rescale the contour multipolygon from grid to screen coordinates.
+    for (const {coordinates} of contourData) {
+      for (const rings of coordinates) {
+        for (const ring of rings) {
+          for (const point of ring) {
+            point[0] = point[0] / kx + x1;
+            point[1] = point[1] / ky + y1;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the deferred channels.
+    return {
+      data: contourData,
+      facets: contourFacets,
+      channels: Channels(this.contourChannels, contourData)
+    };
+  });
+}
+
+export function contour() {
+  return new Contour(...maybeTuples(...arguments));
+}
+
+function finiteExtent(VV) {
+  return [min(VV, (V) => min(V, finite)), max(VV, (V) => max(V, finite))];
+}
+
+function finite(x) {
+  return isFinite(x) ? x : NaN;
+}